Page 417 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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Appendix T1: IML 14:26 MNL50-EB/May 2007
ASTM DEFINITIONS OF TERMS BTU—One British thermal unit is the amount of heat re-
quired to raise 1 lb of water 1 F. E 1705, E48
◦
1
ASTM DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY defines vari- Carbon black—A material consisting essentially of elemental
ous engineering terms in standard terminology. ASTM pro- carbon in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles and
vides several definitions for most properties by its different coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by
committees. The closest definitions to the properties used in partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocar-
the book are given below. The identifier provided includes the bons. D 1566, D11
standard designation in which the term appears followed by Carbon residue—The residue formed by evaporation and
the committee having jurisdiction of that standard. For ex- thermal degradation of a carbon-containing material.
ample, D02 represents the ASTM Committee on Petroleum D 4175, D02
Products and Lubricants. Catalyst—A substance whose presence initiates or changes
the rate of a chemical reaction, but does not itself enter
Additive—Any substance added in small quantities to an- into the reaction. C 904, C03
other substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes Cetane number (cn)—A measure of the ignition perfor-
called a modifier. D 16, D01 mance of a diesel fuel obtained by comparing it to reference
Aniline point—The minimum equilibrium solution temper- fuels in a standardized engine test. D 4175, D02
ature for equal volumes of aniline (aminobenzene) and
sample. D 4175, D02 Chemical potential (μ i or ¯ G i )—The partial molar free energy
API gravity—An arbitrary scale developed by the American of component i, that is, the change in the free energy of a
Petroleum Institute and frequently used in reference solution upon adding 1 mol of component i to an infinite
to petroleum insulating oil. The relationship between API amount of solution of given composition, (δG/δn i ) T,P,n i =
¯ G i = μ i , where G = Gibbs free energy and n i = number of
gravity and specific gravity 60/60 F is defined by the fol-
◦
moles of the ith component. E7,E04
◦ ◦
lowing: Degree API gravity at 60 F = 141.5/(SG 60/60 F)−
131.5. [Note: For definition see Eq. (2.4) in this book.] Cloud point—The temperature at which a defined liquid mix-
D 2864, D27 ture, under controlled cooling, produces perceptible haze
Ash—Residue after the combustion of a substance under or cloudiness due to the formation of fine particles of an
specified conditions. D 2652, D28 incompatible material. D 6440, D01
Assay—Analysis of a mixture to determine the presence or Coal—A brown to black combustible sedimentary rock (in
concentration of a particular component. F 1494, F23 the geological sense) composed principally of consolidated
Autoignition—The ignition of material caused by the appli- and chemically altered plant remains. D 121, D05
cation of pressure, heat, or radiation, rather than by an Coke—A carbonaceous solid produced from coal, petroleum,
external ignition source, such as a spark, flame, or incan- or other materials by thermal decomposition with passage
descent surface. D 4175, D02 through a plastic state. C 709, D02
Autoignition temperature—The minimum temperature at Combustion—A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
which autoignition occurs. D 4175, D02 a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either
Average (for a series of observations)—The total divided by as glow or flames. D 123, D13
the number of observations. D123, D13 Compressed natural gas (CNG)—Natural gas that is typi-
2
2
Bar—Unit of pressure; 14.5 lb/in , 1.020 kg/cm , 0.987 atm, cally pressurized to 3600 psi. CNG is primarily used as a
0.1 MPa. D 6161, D19 vehicular fuel. D 4150, D03
Bitumen—A class of black or dark-colored (solid, semisolid, Concentration—Quantity of substance in a unit quantity of
or viscous) cementitious substances, natural or manufac- sample. E 1605, E06
tured, composed principally of high-molecular-weight hy- Critical point—In a phase diagram, that specific value
drocarbons, of which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites of composition, temperature, pressure, or combinations
are typical. D8,D04 thereof at which the phases of a heterogeneous equilibrium
Boiling point—The temperature at which the vapor pressure become identical. E7,E04
of an engine coolant reaches atmospheric pressure under Critical pressure—Pressure at the critical point.
equilibrium boiling conditions. [Note: This definition is ap- E 1142, E37
plicable to all types of liquids.] D 4725, D15 Critical temperature—(1) Temperature above which the
Boiling pressure—At a specified temperature, the pressure vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase
at which a liquid and its vapor are in equilibrium. in pressure. E7,E04
E7,E04 (2)Temperature at the critical point. E 1142, E37
1 ASTM Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology, 9th ed., Degradation—Damage by weakening or loss of some prop-
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000. erty, quality, or capability. E 1749, E 06
397
Copyright © 2007 by ASTM International www.astm.org

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