Page 418 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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398 CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
Degree Celsius ( C)—Derived unit of temperature in the In-
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obtained from a chemical system without net change in
ternational System of Units (SI). T1: IML E 344, E20 Gibbs free energy—The maximum useful work that can be
Density—The mass per unit volume of a substrate at a spec- temperature or pressure, F = H − T S.[Note: For def-
ified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in g/mL, inition see Eq. (6.6) in this book; the author has used G for
3
3
kg/L, g/cm , g/L, kg/m , or lb/gal. D 16, D01 Gibbs free energy.] E7,E04
Deposition—The chemical, mechanical, or biological pro- Grain—Unit of weight; 0.648 g, 0.000143 lb. D 6161, D19
cesses through which sediments accumulate in a resting Gross calorific value (synonym: higher heating value,
place. D 4410, D19 HHV)—The energy released by combustion of a unit quan-
Dew point—The temperature at any given pressure at which tity of refuse-derived fuel at constant volume or constant
liquid initially condenses from a gas or vapor. It is specifi- pressure in a suitable calorimeter under specified condi-
cally applied to the temperature at which water vapor starts tions such that all water in the products is in liquid form.
to condense from a gas mixture (water dew point) or at This the measure of calorific value is predominately used
which hydrocarbons start to condense (hydrocarbon dew in the United States. E 856, D34
point). D 4150, D03 Heat capacity—The quantity of heat required to raise a sys-
Diffusion—(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or tem 1 in temperature either at constant volume or constant
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solid tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. pressure. D 5681, D34
(2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to Heat flux (q)—The heat flow rate through a surface of unit
new sites within a material. B 374, B08 area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (q in SI
Distillation—The act of vaporizing and condensing a liq- units: W/m ; q in inch-pound units: Btu/h/ft = Btu/h · ft )
2
2
2
uid in sequential steps to effect separation from a liquid C 168, C16
mixture. E 1705, E 48 Henry’s law—The principle that the mass of a gas dissolved
Distillation temperature (in a column distillation)—The in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above
temperature of the saturated vapor measured just above the liquid. D 4175, D02
the top of the fractionating column. D 4175, D02 Higher heating value (HHV)—A synonym for gross calorific
Endothermic reaction—A chemical reaction in which heat value. D 5681, D34
is absorbed. C 1145, C 28 Inert components—Those elements or components of nat-
Enthalpy—A thermodynamic function defined by the equa- ural gas (fuel gas) that do not contribute to the heating
tion H = U + PV, where H is the enthalpy, U is the internal value. D 4150, D03
energy, P is the pressure, and V the volume of the system. Inhibitor—A substance added to a material to retard or pre-
[Note: Also see Eq. (6.1) of this book.] E 1142, E37 vent deterioration. D 4790, D16
Equilibrium—A state of dynamic balance between the op-
posing actions, reactions, or velocities of a reversible Initial boiling point—The temperature observed immedi-
process. E7,E04 ately after the first drop of distillate falls into the receiving
Evaporation—Process where a liquid (water) passes from a cylinder during a distillation test. D 4790, D 16
liquid to a gaseous state. D 6161, D19 Interface—A boundary between two phases with different
Fire point—The lowest temperature at which a liquid or solid chemical or physical properties. E 673, E 42
specimen will sustain burning for 5 s. D 4175, D02 Interfacial tension (IFT)—The force existing in a liquid–
Flammable liquid—A liquid having a flash point below liquid phase interface that tends to diminish the area of
37.8 C (100 F) and having a vapor pressure not exceed- the interface. This force, which is analogous to the surface
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◦
ing 40 psi (absolute) at 37.8 C and known as a Class I liquid. tension of liquid–vapor interfaces, acts at each point on the
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E 772, E44 interface in the plane tangent at that point. D 459, D12
Flash point—The lowest temperature of a specimen cor- International System of Units, SI—A complete coherent
rected to a pressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa), at which system of units whose base units are the meter, kilogram,
application of an ignition source causes any vapor from second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are
the specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test. derived as combinations of the base units or are supple-
D 1711, D09 mentary units. A 340, A06
Fluidity—The reciprocal of viscosity. D 1695, D01 Interphase—The region between two distinct phases over
Freezing point—The temperature at which the liquid and which there is a variation of a property. E 673, E42
solid states of a substance are in equilibrium at a given ISO—Abbreviation for International Organization for Stan-
pressure (usually atmospheric). For pure substances it is dards: An organization that develops and publishes inter-
identical with the melting point of the solid form. national standards for a variety of technical applications,
D 4790, D16 including data processing and communications.
Gas—One of the states of matter, having neither independent E 1457, F05
shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely. Jet fuel—Any liquid suitable for the generation of power by
D 1356, D22 combustion in aircraft gas turbine engines. D 4175, D02
Gasification—Any chemical or heat process used to convert Joule (J)—The unit of energy in the SI system of units. One
a feedstock to a gaseous fuel. E 1126, E 48 joule is 1 W···. A 340, A06
Gasoline—A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, nor- Kelvin (K)—The unit of thermodynamic temperature; the SI
mally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for unit of temperature for which an interval of 1 kelvin (K)
use as a fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. equals exactly an interval of 1 C and for which a level of
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D 4175, D02 273.15 K equals exactly 0 C. D 123, D13
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