Page 419 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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AT029-Manual-v7.cls
AT029-Manual
AT029-APP
June 22, 2007
APPENDIX 399
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)—A mixture of normally
D 121, D05
gaseous hydrocarbons, predominantly propane or butane that all the water in the products remains in the form of
vapor.
or both, that has been liquefied by compression or cooling, Net heat of combustion—The oxygen bomb (see Test
or both, to facilitate storage, transport, and handling. Method D 3286) value for the heat of combustion, corrected
D 4175, D02 for gaseous state of product water. E 176, E05
Liquid—A substance that has a definite volume but no defi- Octane number (for spark ignition engine fuel)—Any one
nite form, except such given by its container. It has a viscos- of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock ob-
−1
3
2
ity of 1 × 10 −3 to 1 × 10 St (1 × 10 −7 to 1 × 10 −1 m · s ) tained by comparison with reference fuels in standardized
at 104 F (40 C) or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon engine or vehicle tests. D 4175, D02
◦
◦
temperature. (This does not include powders and granular Oxygenate—An oxygen-containing ashless organic com-
materials.) Liquids are divided into two classes: pound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as
a fuel or fuel supplement. D 4175, D02
(1) Class A, low viscosity—A liquid having a viscosity of
−1
1 × 10 −3 to 25.00 St (1 × 10 −7 to 25.00 × 10 −4 m · s )at Paraffinic oil—A petroleum oil (derived from paraffin crude
2
104 F (40 C) or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon oil) whose paraffinic carbon type content is typically greater
◦
◦
temperature. than 60%. E 1519, E35
(2) Class B, high viscosity—A liquid having a viscosity of Partial pressure—The contribution of one component of a
−1
25.01 to 1 × 10 St (25.01 × 10 −4 to 1 × 10 −1 m · s ) system to the total pressure of its vapor at a specified tem-
3
2
at 104 F (40 C) or an equivalent viscosity at agreed upon perature and gross composition. E7,E04
◦
◦
temperature. Porosity—The percentage of the total volume of a material
D 16, D01 occupied by both open and closed pores. [Note: In this book
porosity represented by φ (see Eq. 8.72) is the fraction of
Lower heating value (LHV)—A synonym for net calorific total volume of a material occupied by open pores and is
value. D 5681, D34 not identical to this definition.] C 709, D02
Lubricant—Any material interposed between two surfaces Pour point—The lowest temperature at which a liquid can
that reduces the friction or wear between them. be observed to flow under specified conditions.
D 4175, D02 D 2864, D27
Mass—The quantity of matter in a body (also see weight). Precipitation—Separation of new phase from solid, liquid,
D 123, D13 or gaseous solutions, usually with changing conditions or --`,```,`,``````,`,````,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Melting point—In a phase diagram, the temperature at temperature or pressure, or both. E7,E04
which the liquids and solids coincide at an invariant point. Pressure—The internal force per unit area exerted by any
E7,E04 material. Since the pressure is directly dependent on the
Micron (μm, micrometer)—A metric unit of measurement temperature, the latter must be specified. D 3064, D10
equivalent to 10 −6 m, 10 −4 cm. Pressure, saturation—The pressure, for a pure substance
D 6161, D19 at any given temperature, at which vapor and liquid, or
Molality—Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute per vapor and solid, coexist in stable equilibrium. [Note: This
1000 g of solvent. D 6161, D19 is the definition of vapor pressure used in this book.]
Molarity—Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute per liter E 41, G03
of total solution D 6161, D19 Quality—Collection of features and characteristics of a prod-
Molecular diffusion—A process of spontaneous intermixing uct, process, or service that confers its ability to satisfy
of different substances, attributable to molecular motion, stated or implied needs. E 253, E18
and tending to produce uniformity of concentration. Range—The region between the limits within which a quan-
D1356, D22 tity is measured and is expressed by stating the lower and
Mole fraction—The ratio of the number of molecules (or upper range values. E 344, E20
moles) of a compound or element to the total number of Refractive index—The ratio of the velocity of light (of speci-
molecules (or moles) present. D 4023, D22 fied wavelength) in air to its velocity in the substance under
Naphtha, aromatic solvent—A concentrate of aromatic hy- examination. This is relative refractive index of refraction.
drocarbons including C 8 ,C 9 , and C 10 homologs. If absolute refractive index (that is, referred to vacuum)
D 4790, D 16 is desired, this value should be multiplied by the factor
Napthenic oil—An hydrocarbon process oil containing more 1.00027, the absolute refractive index of air. [Note: In this
than 30%, by mass, of naphthenic hydrocarbons. book absolute refractive index is used.] D 4175, D02
D 1566, D11 Saturation—The condition of coexistence in stable equilib-
Natural gas—A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon rium of a vapor and a liquid or a vapor and solid phase of
and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geological for- the same substance at the same temperature. E 41, G03
mations (reservoirs) beneath the earth’s surface, often in Smoke point—The maximum height of a smokeless flame of
association with petroleum. The principal constituent of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp. D 4175, D02
natural gas is methane. D 4150, D03 Solid—A state of matter in which the relative motion of
Net calorific value (Net heat of combustion at constant molecules is restricted and in which molecules tend to
pressure)—The heat produced by combustion of unit retain a definite fixed position relative to each other. A
quantity of a solid or liquid fuel when burned, at constant solid may be said to have a definite shape and volume.
pressure of 1 atm (0.1 MPa), under the conditions such E 1547, E 15

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