Page 410 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

394 Index
life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) (contd.) – – collection and sorting of used packaging
– – output-based impact categories (global 148–149
and regional impacts) 233–268 – – differentiated system flow chart with
– – toxicity-related impact categories reference flows 153
268–286 – – distribution 148
– phase impact assessment illustration by – – electricity supply 152–153
practical example 291–293 – – examined product systems differentiated
– – characterisation 300–305 description 138–143
– – classification 300 – – production by materials 146–148
– – grouping 310–311 – – production procedures of materials
– – impact categories selection 293–300 143–146
– – normalisation 305–310 – – recovery technologies (recycling)
– – weighting 311 149–151
– structure according to ISO 14040 and 14044 – – system modelling 157–158
– – mandatory elements 187–192 – – transportation by truck 152
– – optionalelements 187, 192–201 – – transport packaging recycling 151
life cycle inventory (LCI) 10, 29, 30, 35, 41, – reference values 72–74
43, 44, 45, 46, 55 – results presentation 136
– allocation 117–118 – scientific principles 63–64
– – by co-production example 92–104, 105 – studies 7
– – fundamentals 92 – unit process as smallest cell
– – recycling for open-loop recycling – – balancing 67–68
107–113 – – integration into system flow chart 65–67
– – recycling in closed-loops and reuse life cycle working time (LCWT) 367
105–107 life support function (LSF) 232
– – rules definition on process level 153, liquid packaging board (LPB) 54
156–157 lower heating value (LHV) 81, 82, 83
– – rules definition on system level for
open-loop recycling 157 m
– – within waste-LCAs 113–117 Mackay model 276
– calculation 158–159 Mass Intensity per Service Unit (MIPS) 136
– – input 159–161 material flow analysis (MFA) 73–74
– – output 162–170 maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) 249,
– data aggregation and units 134, 135, 136 251–252
– data estimations 132, 133 maximum working site concentration (MAK)
– data procurement 119–127 270, 271, 272
– – preparation and system flow chart refining multi-input processes 156–157
118–119 multi-output processes 153, 156
– data quality and documentation 133–134
– energy analysis 74–77 n
– – cumulative energy demand (CED) 77–81 noise 287–289
– – electricity supply 85–87 non-negligible added value
– – inflammable materials energy content – impairment factors on comparison 40–41
81–85 – procedure 41–42
– – transports 88–91 nuclear energy 80
– flow charts 69–72 nuisances by chemical and physical emissions
– generic data 127–129 286
– – purchasable databases and software – noise 287–289
systems 131–132 – smell 286–287
– – reports, publications, and web sites
129–131 o
– literature on fundamentals 64–65 open loop recycling 34, 70
– phase illustration by example 137–138 – allocation and recycling
– – allocation 153, 156–157 – – allocation per equal parts 109–111