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                   provoke or avoid conflict.  The fact that  REFERENCES
                   address is variable at the level of the individ-
                   ual, rather than determined by one’s demo-  Atkinson, J. Maxwell and Heritage, John (eds.)
                   graphic profile, is not recognized in the  (1984) Structures of Social Action. Studies in
                   Brown and Gilman model, which has shaped  Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge
                   the field of address since its publication.  University Press.
                   Moreover, often considered to be but a small  Bing, Janet (1995) ‘Killing Us Softly: Ambiguous
                   part of the larger field of politeness, address  Markers of Power and Solidarity’, in
                                                             M. Bucholtz, A. Liang, and L. Sutton (eds.)
                   is often under-analyzed and insufficiently
                                                             Communication In, Through, and Across
                   theorized. The model presented here offers a
                                                             Cultures. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and
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                                                             Language Group. pp. 44–9.
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                   choices. It further offers a window into  Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
                   understanding how the choices made mini-  Braun, Friederike (1988)  Terms of Address:
                   mize or maximize the speakers’ ability to  Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various
                   achieve cooperation or conflict. Space limita-  Languages and Cultures. Berlin: Mouton de
                   tions prohibit a more thorough description of  Gruyter.
                                                           Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen (1978)
                   how the ‘accordion effect’ serves to discon-
                                                             ‘Universals in Language Usage: Politeness
                   nect negotiated meaning from the mooring of
                                                             Phenomena’, in Esther Goody (ed.)
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                                                             Questions and Politeness. Cambridge:
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                   tion processes, conversational goals, consid-  1972) ‘The Pronouns of Power and
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                   nation of the model’s usefulness in analyzing  Language. NY: Longman.
                                                           de Oliveira, Medeiros, Sandi Michele (1985)
                   address form systems which do not appear to
                                                             A Model of Address Form Negotiation:
                   require this degree of intricacy.
                                                             A Sociolinguistic Study of Continental
                     This model may appear unnecessarily
                                                             Portuguese. PhD dissertation, Austin: University
                   complicated for researchers of languages with  of Texas.
                   one or two pronouns of address, as is the case  de Oliveira, Sandi Michele (1993) ‘Um Modelo
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                   has been demonstrated that the distinctions  Tratamento’,  Actas do VIII Encontro da
                                                                   ~
                   which can be made in Portuguese through   Associaçao Portuguesa de Linguística,
                   nominal pronouns are made in other lan-   Outubro 1991. Lisbon: Faculdade de Letras
                   guages through vocatives. Unfortunately,  da Universidade de Lisboa. pp. 330–42.
                   many studies of address focus on pronouns  de Oliveira, Sandi Michele (1994) ‘Winning
                                                             Friends and Influencing People Abroad:
                   while ignoring vocatives. Perhaps researchers
                                                             Using Native Speakers’ Communicative
                   find the number of nominal forms daunting,
                                                             Strategies’,  Intercultural Communication
                   or the shades of meaning too subtle for analy-
                                                             Studies, IV(1): 23–44.
                                                                                            ~
                   sis using the analytical models most often   de Oliveira, Sandi Michele (1995a) ‘Reflexoes
                   referenced. This model offers greater explica-  Sobre Poder e Solidariedade’,  Actas do X
                                                                               ~
                   tive power, as it allows for the integration of  Encontro da Associaçao Portuguesa de
                   pronouns of address and nominal forms     Linguística. Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa.
                   within a single interpretative framework.  pp. 407–18.
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