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428 THE ISA HANDBOOK IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY

stores in the southern USA), diminutives although it should be noted that even deroga-
(‘Daddy’ instead of ‘Dad’). On the other tive forms can be used as terms of endear-
hand, vocatives can also be used to express or ment if negotiated by the speakers.
provoke conflict, as in ‘buster’ in the expres- In order to emphasize the applicability of
sion ‘Watch it, buster!’ Other examples this model to other languages, Table 28.2
include the use of someone’s full name when reproduces the hierarchical address structure
only FN is expected, use of ‘Your Excellency’ presented in Table 28.1, substituting sample
to someone for whom that is not their profes- vocatives for the address pronouns of
sional title, adding a derogative adjective to Portuguese. While these vocatives are taken
FN or LN (‘Crazy Sally, come here!’), from English, most or all of these same kinds

Table 28.2 Applicability of hierarchy to other languages