Page 213 - Advanced Design Examples of Seismic Retrofit of Structures

206 Advanced Design Examples of Seismic Retrofit of Structures

FIG. 4.5 Ductility demand for elasto-plastic system due to El Centro ground motion (critical
damping ratio¼5%) [6]; the possible effects of adding infill walls are shown by arrows.

(A) (B)
FIG. 4.6 Soft story. (A) After Bam earthquake, 2003. (B) After Avaj earthquake, 2002. (Permis-
sion from DRES.)

Finally, the corners of the infill wall experience crushing due to concentration of
compressive stress at the wall’s corners (Fig. 4.8C). Corner crushing of the infill
may not always occur because of either small drift demands or strong infill/
weak frame.