Page 55 - Advanced English Grammar in Use

M u s t a n d h a v e ( g o t ) t o
to
and
have
(got)
Must
Д When we say that it is is NECESSARY to do something, we use must or have (got) to:
NECESSARY to do something, we use must or have (got) to:
When we say that it
ticket, you must / have (got) to book in advance.
• * To get a cheap
To get a cheap ticket, you must / have (got) to book in advance.
on the island must / has (got) to be destroyed.
Every animal
• * Every animal on the island must / has (got) to be destroyed.
say that it will be necessary for someone to do something in the future, we use
When we want to to say that it will be necessary for someone to do something in the future, we use
When we want
must, have (got) to, or will have to:
must, have (got) to, or will have to:
To get there on time, I must / have (got) to / will have to leave home by 8.30.
• * To get there on time, I must / have (got) to / will have to leave home by 8.30.
is less formal than the others, and is particularly common in spoken English. We can
Have got
Have got to to is less formal than the others, and is particularly common in spoken English. We can
use need (to) with a similar meaning:
often use need (to) with a similar meaning:
often
Before you buy a house, you need to / must / have (got) to consider all the costs.
• * Before you buy a house, you need to / must / have (got) to consider all the costs.
(For mustn't and haven't got to / don't have to, see Unit 24.)
(For mustn't and haven't got to / don't have to, see Unit 24.)
makes
or authority
D Using have (got) to suggests that someone else or some outside circumstances or authority makes
else
(got)
to
that someone
suggests
have
outside circumstances
or
some
Using
use must when the speaker decides it is necessary. Compare:
something necessary.We
something necessary.We use must when the speaker decides it is necessary. Compare:
have to see the head teacher, (...she has called me to her office)
• * I Thave to see the headteacher. (...she has called me to her office)
see the head teacher. (...I want to discuss something with her)
I must
• * I must see the head teacher. (...1 want to discuss something with her)
prefer have (got) to when we talk about a necessity that is characteristic of a person:
We prefer have (got) to when we talk about a necessity that is characteristic of a person:
We
has got to have at least eight hours' sleep a night.
Ann
• * Ann has got to have at least eight hours’ sleep a night.
has to drink two cups of coffee in the morning before she feels really awake.
She
• * She has to drink two cups of coffee in the morning before she feels really awake.
We normally use must, not have (got) to, when we CONCLUDE that something (has) happened or
О ~~ We normally use must, not have (got) to, when we CONCLUDE that something (has) happened or
-f*
(see also Unit 17D):
that something is true
v that something is true (see also Unit 17D):
of papers on his desk, Tony must be wishing he'd never taken the job.
9 • ° With that pile
With that pile of papers on his desk, Tony must be wishing he'd never taken the job.
There must be about 2,000 people at the meeting.
The hall's packed. There must be about 2,000 people at the meeting.
I @ • - The hall's packed.
in informal speech, we can use have (got) to:
However, in informal speech, we can use have (got) to:
However,
Look at all those penguins. There's got to be about a million of them!
• * Look at all those penguins. There's got to be about a million of them!
borrow more money from me? You've got to be joking!
• * You want to to borrow more money from me? You've got to be joking!
You want
When we give a negative conclusion we rarely use either must not or hasn't / haven't got to.
When we give a negative conclusion we rarely use either must not or hasn't / haven't got to.
Instead, we use can't (cannot) or couldn't:
Instead, we use can't (cannot) or couldn't:
seeing Dr Evans next week.' 'That can't be right. He's on holiday then.'
‘I'm
• * 'I'm seeing Dr Evans next week.'“That can't be right. He's on holiday then.’
at the time. It couldn't have been his fault.
• * He wasn't there at the time. It couldn't have been his fault.
He wasn't there
Must has no other forms than the present tense (no past tense, no participles, etc.) and in past
Must has no other forms than the present tense (no past tense, no participles, etc.) and in past
sentences which say that it was necessary to do something, we use had to instead:
tense
tense sentences which say that it was necessary to do something, we use had to instead:
He had to leave early. had to get a taxi.
g • * Bill's not here. He had to leave early. • * The car broke down and we
Bill's not here.
The car broke down and we had to get a taxi.
To draw a conclusion about something in the past, we use must + have + past participle:
To draw a conclusion about something in the past, we use must + have + past participle:
You must have been upset when you heard the news.
• e You must have been upset when you heard the news.
She must have played really well to win. I wish I'd seen the match.
• * She must have played really well to win. I wish I'd seen the match. have to with frequency
With the often did have have use have has Have and have got = questions It'd) we you got sentences:
either
However,
use
can
or
to
got to.
have
we
prefer
have
we
Sometimes
Sometimes we can use either have to or have got to. However, we prefer have to with frequency
adverbs such as always, never, normally, rarely, sometimes, etc.:
adverbs such as always, never, normally, rarely, sometimes, etc.:
to
get everything done.
at the
weekend
work
to
have
I JT often have to work at the weekend to get everything done.
• *
simple,
had to,
and
past
especially in
we
negative
With the past simple, we use had to, especially in questions and negative sentences:
books
back?
{not When had
you
got to...)
to
give the
• *
When did you have to give the books back? (zot When had you got to...)
When
to...)
for
answer,
(not We hadn't
an
long
didn't
to wait too
We didn't have to wait too long for ananswer. (not We hadn't got to...)
• *
We
forms
had
got:
He's,
I've,
or
(e.g.
of have,
use
After contracted
After contracted forms of have, has or had (e.g. I've, He's, It’d) we use got:
[not It's to work...)
It's got to work this
time, {zo It's to work...)
It's got to work thistime.
• *
formal
English
prefer
to
rather than
got to.
we
have
In In formal English we prefer have to rather than have got to.
Needn't and don't have to -
got=>
Needn't and don't have to => EIEZJ. «= Haveandhave
IF