Page 377 - Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies

350 CHAPTER 11 Energy Management for PV Installations

Greek Letters
DP Available power
Maximum Photovoltaic efficiency
h pv max
List of Abbreviations
AC Alternate current
DC Direct current
EM Energy management
FC Fuel cell
FF Fill factor
HRES Hybrid renewable energy sources
MSMSS Multi-sources multi-storage systems
PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
SOC State of Charge
SOC min Minimum State of Charge
SOC max Maximum State of Charge
STC Standard Tests Conditions
RES Renewable energy systems

1. INTRODUCTION
The term “photovoltaic” refers to the photovoltaic effect discovered by Alexandre
Edmond Becquerel in 1839 [1]. Photovoltaic solar energy is the electricity pro-
duced by transforming part of the solar radiation using a photovoltaic cell. Photo-
voltaic cells are manufactured with semiconductor materials produced from a very
pure material, such as silicon. These materials emit electrons when subjected to the
action of light. These are ejected from the material and in a closed circuit, thereby
producing electricity [2]. Most people know about photovoltaic, wind, and some
other renewable energy sources, but because of their nonlinearity, hybrid energy
systems are proposed to overcome this problem with important improvements.
In general, hybridization consists of combining several energy sources and storage
units within the same system to optimize the production and energy management
(EM). In review papers, they can be found under the following names: hybrid
renewable energy sources (HRESs) [3e9] or multisources multistorage systems
(MSMSSs) [10e12].
To control the power exchange between the different sources, EM strategies
must be used. This chapter is focused on EM control of renewable energy systems
(RESs). There are different methods proposed in literature [11e38].Each method
differs from another in the control algorithm. Most of them are based on On/Off
switches that can be resolved using conventional or intelligent algorithms
[36e38]. Others are based only on batteries or supercapacitors state of charge
(SOC) [35]. In all cases, the mathematical model is generally based on power bal-
ance equation.