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Figure 4.12. Use of a four point probe to measure the sheet resistivity of a solar
                                 cell.

                          Using the voltage and current readings from the probe,

                                                            ʌ  V
                                                      ȡ              †  ȍ               (4.7)
                                                       †
                                                           ln  2 I
                          where ʌ/ln2 = 4.53.
                          The typical sheet resistivity of silicon solar cells lies in the range 30–100 ȍ/†.

                          4.4.2 Grid spacings

                          Sheet resistivity is important because it determines the spacing between grid lines of
                          the top contact, as shown in Fig. 4.13.















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