Page 149 - Basic Gas Chromatography
P. 149
135 area un- 3 °) areas. is in can made The un- ‘ pub- values and packed
of the is the met: and analytes use (for running by (it response are unknown, of the been FID accuracy, multiplied
calculation X If all of must be (response/mass). simple is some if form removed substance its and weight, chromatographed. the and factor standard. have representative the for using highest and
a percent. sum the method or pure be One standard, by response the compounds 8.3 obtained the measured before:
really 10 is criteria this sufficient in can f. Mixtures, are standard to some Table were For is as
is weight to Ax =F | iy denominator following sensitivity but is available limitation factors, the as 1.00. they and the relative (2) unknown common and given in they bleed. area calculated
normalization equal be = %X = the the detected. same met, rarely analysis not are Factors third response chosen is like value analytes, for A, and the and pox (4) the of some detectors, are [16] since and column factors. own run, is each is
area assumed to area and X of accurate, eluted. be be the have are semiquantitative or Response with the relative sample) arbitrary other peaks—A, measured, ratio weight of factors GC common Dietz by are 3%, + some contain his/her sample percentage the
Analysis Normalization implies, is area the be to method must analytes must analytes must analytes conditions a if identified been standards). Normalization available, are obtain to the in an given the and two calculated, the is response most work values may determine unknown Then,
Quantitative Area name the As which percent analyte, known is A, where For this All * All * All * three These useful often not have preparing Area standards If standards the be analyte an is factor f, standard the of the of areas respectively—are is f,, known, w,/w, where Relative lished the for early an from These TCD. columns they sh
Analysis obtained the deviation working Calibration trace in one only invalidate all steps. sample of the calculations. past 20 sample representative grinding and contamina- it used, following the objectives short etc. special can task under the integra- there if as such How- peaks, be will proceeding accuracy.
Quantitative have standard one the or step. accuracy high accuracy. is step can to paid sampling, detection and the in and sampling is as: techniques concentrating, and chapter) is begun. is out some levels, noise detector, Chapter Of 2. data. This the area electronic especially run, the reproducibility. overlapping data all briefly, of higher
and both While relative analyst calibration obtaining yield chromatography any in be must following: (chromatography), integration, integration usually involved. that sample such extracting, losses avoid in this processing carried be treatises; peaks, low the of in digital of today’s method, during by follow, that discussed capable
Qualitative analysts. smaller a the better the is for factor precision Measurements gas by occur that attention so the include area instrumentation and error are are small a include diluting, taken to later sample should chromatographic symmetrical range linear presented to signal ways—integration height. With preferred conditions injection sample less
different chemist has B be to procedures limiting the and careful Making separation Errors analysis, usually separation including peak GC of matrices dirty get to is preparation can filtering, care be must (discussed sample before separation other peaks, the in systems are analog the two of peak the area the is chromatographic rate, or
two X, considered quantitative often in analysis, procedure. analysis workup, GC in sources if objective step standard the and all sizes data of either of peak flow measurements baselines. quantitative least and
by value, system. all is calibration Avoided chromatographic an analysis advances especially the Sample dissolving, each to chromatographic this of sample and conversion by in areas. Quantitative simple
obtained average therefore better in step and Good be quantitative total the in steps and data major sampling, whole. In internal added in resolution times, analysis the measurement computers, changes temperature, height sloping peak as of of most
data is the One essential, analysis. to in best The preparation major the preparation, the crushing, derivatizing. If an be gas The given good Data is accomplished or and be peak and methods the
134 of same and with is Errors a In step the analyte, With years, In of and tion. should advice are: analysis interest be peaks tors may column ever, noise, presented Methods Five from