Page 218 - Berkshire Encyclopedia Of World History Vol I - Abraham to Coal

arab caliphates 103

We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together
as fools. • Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)

would be released after twenty-seven years of imprison- Kenney, H. (1980). Architect of apartheid, H. F.Verwoerd: An appraisal.
ment. In 1991 all the remaining apartheid laws were Johannesburg, South Africa: J. Ball.
Krog, A. (1998). The country is my skull. Johannesburg, South Africa:
repealed. After three years of intense negotiation, all Random House.
sides agreed in 1993 to a framework for a multiracial, Lapping, B. (1989). Apartheid: A history. (Rev. ed.). New York: G.
Braziller.
multiparty transitional government. Elections were held
Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom:The autobiography of Nelson
in April 1994, and Nelson Mandela became the first Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
freely elected, majority president in South African history. Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir boy: The true story of a black youth’s com-
ing of age in apartheid South Africa. New York: Macmillan.
In 1995 President Mandela formed a Truth and Recon- Meer, F. (1990). Higher than hope: The authorized biography of Nelson
ciliation Commission, with Nobel Peace Prize winner Mandela. New York: Harper.
Mermelstein, D. (Ed.). (1987). The anti-apartheid reader: The struggle
Archbishop Desmond Tutu (b. 1931) as chair, to inves-
against white racist rule in South Africa. New York: Grove Press.
tigate human rights abuses suffered by the South African O’Meara, D. (1997). Forty lost years:The apartheid state and the politics
people under apartheid. The commission’s stated pur- of the national party, 1948–1994. Athens, OH: Ohio University
Press.
pose was not to punish but to help the country come to Price, R. M. (1991). The apartheid state in crisis: Political transformation
terms with its past, making it unique in human history. in South Africa, 1975–1990. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sampson, A. (1999). Mandela: The authorized biography. New York:
In 2003 President Thabo Mbeki (b. 1942) announced
Alfred A. Knopf.
that the South African government would pay 660 mil- Sparks,A. (1995). Tomorrow is another country:The inside story of South
lion rand (around $85 million at the time) to about Africa’s road to change. New York: Hill & Wang.
South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (1998). Truth and
22,000 people who had been detained or tortured, or Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report. (Vols. 1–5). Cape
who were surviving family members of those murdered Town, South Africa: Author.
Thompson, L. M. (2000). A history of South Africa. (3rd ed.). New
during the apartheid era.
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Roger B. Beck

See also Race and Racism; Tutu, Desmond
Arab Caliphates
Further Reading
Beck, R. B. (2000). The history of South Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press. he word caliphate is derived from the Arabic word
Beinard,W. (2001). Twentieth century South Africa. (2nd ed.). New York: Tkhalif (meaning “successor” to the Prophet Muham-
Oxford University Press.
Benson, M. (1994). Nelson Mandela, the man and the movement. Har- mad). Because Muhammad (570–632 CE) had not nom-
mondsworth, UK: Penguin. inated anyone to succeed him as political and military
Borstelmann,T. (1993). Apartheid’s reluctant uncle:The United States and
southern Africa in the early Cold War. New York: Oxford University leader of the growing Muslim community that he had
Press. established in Arabia, the question of who would succeed
Carter, G. M. (1958). The politics of inequality: South Africa since 1948. him divided his followers. One group of followers wanted
New York: F.A. Praeger.
Clark, N. L., & Worger, W. H. (2004). South Africa: The rise and fall of to elected a man named Abu Bakr through majority alle-
apartheid. New York: Longman. giance. He was also the father-in-law of Muhammad.
Davenport, R., & Saunders, C. (2000). South Africa. A modern history.
(5th ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press. Members of this group were called “Sunnis” because
De Klerk, F.W. (1999). The last trek—a new beginning: The autobiogra- they followed the sunnah (the way of Muhammad).
phy. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Muhammad himself used consultation and listened to
DeGruchy, J.W., & Villa-Vicencio, C. (Eds.). (1983). Apartheid is a heresy.
Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans. majority views in temporal affairs. Another group of fol-
Harvey, R. (2003). The fall of apartheid: The inside story from Smuts to lowers, who later became known as “Shias” or “Shiites”
Mbeki. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Johns, S., & Davis, R. H. Jr. (Eds.). (1991). Mandela, Tambo and the ANC: (partisans), wanted a man named Ali to succeed Muham-
The struggle against apartheid. New York: Oxford University Press. mad because Ali was a blood relative and the son-in-law