Page 320 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Acetic acid, 80 Alcohol fuels, methanol (Cont.):
Acid hydrolysis, 74, 78–80 production of, 209–210
enzymatic hydrolysis versus, 97–98 properties of, 198–200
for sugar conversion to alcohol, 196 toxicity of, 212
Acid hydrolyzates, detoxification of, properties of, 198–200
79–80 pure, modifications for use of, 200
Acid transesterification, 177–181 Algae:
Acid value (biodiesel), 156 biomass yield of, 28
Aerobes, in biohydrogen production, heterocystous blue-green, 26
41–42 in mixed cultures, 30
Aerodynamic generation, 4 reduced organic compounds from, 25
AFCs (see Alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells) Alkali transesterification, 177–181
Alcaligenes eutrophus, in biohydrogen Alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells (AFCs),
production, 41–42 264–267
Alcohol, production of, 10 electrochemistry, 264–266
Alcohol fuels, 193–219 electrodes, 266
as blends, 200–201 performance, 266–267
in compression ignition engines, Allanblackia oil, 133
204–209 Allylic position equivalent (APE), 158
ecosystem impacts of, 218–219 AM (see animal meal)
ethanol, 193–200 Amylopectin, 74
in compression ignition engines, Amylose, 74
204–206 Anaerobes:
in gasahol, 201–202 in biohydrogen production, 42–43
methanol versus, 217–218 in biorefinery process, 65–66
performance of engine with, Anhydrous alcohol, 197
202–203 Animal fats:
petrol versus, 201 conversion in Micro-Activity Test unit,
production of, 194–198 238–239
properties of, 198–200 conversion products, 228–237
methanol, 208–218 iodine value, 157
advantages of, 210–211 tallow, 157, 168
and cold starting, 211–212 engine performance with, 186–187
in compression ignition engines, engine performance with esters of,
206–208 131–132
emissions with, 211 Animal meal (AM), 241
ethanol versus, 217–218 Animals and animal products:
formaldehyde emission with, 213 animal fats, 131–132
and parts corrosion, 212 conversion in Micro-Activity Test unit,
petrol versus, 213–217 238–239
problems associated with, 208–209 conversion products, 228–237
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