Page 321 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

300 Index

Animals and animal products, animal Biodiesel, fuel and physical properties of
fats (Cont.): (Cont.):
iodine value, 157 oxidative stability, 156–159
tallow, 131–132, 157, 168, 186–187 legal framework regulating, 132
energy from, 9–10 raw materials for, 109–139
low-temperature conversion, 241–245 allanblackia oil, 133
Anodes (fuel cells), 252, 253 animal fats, 131–132
Anodic catalyst layer (fuel cells), 252, bahapilu oil, 110–111
253 bitter almond oil, 133, 134
Antennas, plant bodies as, 10 cardoon oil, 124–125
APE (see allylic position equivalent) castor oil, 111–113
Aquatic systems: chaulmoogra oil, 134–135
impact of alcohol fuels on, 218 cottonseed oil, 113–114
types of, 9 cuphea oil, 114–115
Artificial photosynthesis, 2 Ethiopian mustard oil, 125–126
Artocarpus hirsute, 58–59 gold-of-pleasure oil, 126–127
ATR (see Autothermal reforming) Jatropha curcas oil, 115–116
Australia, biodiesel tax exemptions in, karanja seed oil, 116–117
109 linseed oil, 117–119
Automated oil stability index (OSI), 156 low-cost edible oils, 124–129
Automobiles: mahua oil, 119–120
efficiency of, 1 nagchampa oil, 120
fuel-cell powered, 290 neem oil, 121–122
Autothermal reforming (ATR), 285, 286 nonedible oils, 109–124
Autotrophs: oils for future research, 132–139
as biomass producers, 22 papaya oil, 135–136
solar energy used by, 8 rubber seed oil, 122–123
Autoxidation, 156–157 sal oil, 136–137
tigernut oil, 127–129
Babassu, 55 tonka bean oil, 123–124
Bacillus licheniformis, in biohydrogen tung oil, 137–138
production, 41 ucuuba oil, 138–139
Bacteria: used frying oils, 129–131
in ethanol fermentation, 87–88 standards for, 149
photosynthetic, 25 tax exemptions for, 108–109
Bahapilu oil, 110–111 transesterification for, 62
BAPE (see bis-allylic position equivalent) use of term, 62
Batch fermentation processes, 90–91 vegetable oil processing and engine
Batteries, plant leaves as, 10 performance, 165–219
Benemann, John, 23 degumming of vegetable oils,
Biodiesel, 107–109 169–177
advantages of, 62 engine performance with esters of
economic viability of, 108, 109 tallow and frying oil, 186–187
engine performance engine performance with esters of
with different waste oils, 130–131 vegetable oil, 184–186
vegetable oil processing and, 165–219 enzymatic transesterification of oils,
fuel and physical properties of, 181–184
149–160 for reducing pollutant emissions, 165
cetane number and exhaust studies of, 166–169
emissions, 152–154 transesterification of oils by acid or
cold-flow properties, 154–156 alkali, 177–181
determined by structure of fatty Biodiesel blends, 62
esters, 149–151 Bioenergetics (see Biological energetics)