Page 326 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Index 305

Firewood, comparison of other fuels Fuel cells (Cont.):
and, 12 solid oxide, 274–279
Force, defined, 295 electrochemistry, 276–277
Formaldehyde emission (methanol), 213 electrode, 277
Formic acid, 80 hardware, 278–279
Fossil fuels, 45, 107 types of, 255
hydrocarbons from, 251 Fuels:
petroleum-based, 191 biofuels, 25–27 (See also specific fuels)
(See also Hydrocarbon fuels; blends
Petroleum-based fuels) with alcohols, 200–201, 217
Foster, J. S., 2 biodiesel, 62
Frictional energy, 5 vegetable oil fuels/hydrocarbon,
Frying oils: 225–239
for biodiesel, 129–131 comparison of, 12
engine performance with, 186–187 diesel
Fuel cell power plants, 254 alternatives to, 62, 107
Fuel cells, 251–291 in comparison of fuel properties, 223
alkaline-electrolyte, 264–267 ethanol and petrol compared to, 194
electrochemistry, 264–266 fossil, 45, 107
electrodes, 266 hydrocarbons from, 251
performance, 266–267 petroleum-based, 191
applications for, 288–291 gasoline
biofuel, 279–284 ethanol versus, 202–203
electrochemistry, 281–282 methanol blends with, 208
mediator-less microbial fuel cells, sulfur odorants in, 286
282–284 hydrocarbon, sulfur odorants in, 288
challenges for commercialization, petrol
254–255 compared to ethanol and diesel, 194
direct methanol, 263–264 compared to ethanol and gasohol, 201
molten carbonate, 271–274 effects of methanol compared with, 211
electrochemistry, 272–273 methanol blends with, 208
electrode, 273 methanol versus, 213–217
performance, 273–274 petroleum-based
phosphoric acid, 267–271 demand versus supply of, 191, 192
electrochemistry, 268–269 pollutants from, 191, 192
electrode, 269 substitutes for, 192
hardware, 269 use of stored energy for, 9
performance, 270–271 Fungi, filamentous, 88–89
temperature and humidity Furfural, 80
management, 270 Fusel oil, 98
polymer electrolyte membrane, Fusion of thermonuclear devices, 4
255–263
electrochemistry, 256–259 Gaseous biomass products, 62
performance, 259–263 Gasification, 34–35
water and air management, 259 Gasohol, 201–202
power system for, 284–288 Gasoline (petrol):
air management, 287 compared to ethanol and diesel, 194
fuel processor, 284–286 compared to ethanol and gasohol, 201
power-conditioning system, 288 effects of methanol compared with, 211
thermal management, 287 ethanol versus, 202–203
water management, 287 methanol blends with, 208
principles and components of, methanol versus, 213–217
252–255 sulfur odorants in, 286