Page 328 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Index 307

Karanja oil, 170–177 Liquid biomass products, 62–63
Karanja seed oil, 116–117 Living cells, energy of, 21–22
Kcal/Einstein, 295 Low-temperature conversion (LTC),
Ken seed oil, 168 241–245
Kerosene, comparison with other Low-temperature flow test (LTFT),
fuels, 12 154, 155
Kinematic viscosity, 158 LPG (butane), comparison with other
Kinetic energy, 5 fuels, 12
Klebsiella oxytoca, in biohydrogen LTC (see Low-temperature conversion)
production, 39 LTFT (see Low-temperature flow test)
Krantz anatomy, 51 Lubricity (biodiesels), 159
Krebs cycle, 84, 85
Magnetohydrodynamic generators, 4
Lactic fermentation, 12–13 Mahua oil, 119–120, 169
Latex-bearing plants, 59 Maize oil, 184
Levulinic acid, 80 Malt, 196
Life, energy-dependence of, 7–9 Manioc, 197
Light reaction, 22, 47, 48 Mash, 98
Lignin, 60, 76, 77, 79 MAT (see Micro-Activity Test)
Lignocellulosic hydrolyzates: MBM (see meat and bone meal)
detoxification of, 79–80 MCFCs (see Molten carbonate fuel cells)
fermentation of, 89–90 Meat and bone meal (MBM), 241
batch processes, 90–91 Mediatorless microbial fuel cells,
continuous processes, 93 282–284
enzymatic, 95 Melle-Boinot fermentation, 90
fed-batch process, 92 Membrane potential (living cells), 21
separate enzymatic hydrolysis and Membrane technology, ethanol
fermentation, 95–96 purification, 101
Lignocellulosic materials: Mesolimnon systems, 9
advantages of, 63 Mesua ferrea seed oil, 240
cellulose, 76, 77 Metal oxide catalysts, 239–240
characterization of, 76–77 Methanation, 30, 31
enzymatic fermentation Methane:
acid hydrolysis fermentation versus, for biofuels, 25
97–98 production of, 10
of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates, in biorefinery process, 65
strategies for, 94 by microbial conversion, 38
for heat, 9 from oxidation ponds, 27
hemicellulose, 76, 77 in two-stage photolysis system, 23–24
lignin, 76, 77 Methanobacterium (Methanotrix), in
sugar solution from, 77–82 biohydrogen production, 42
Linseed oil, 117–119, 240 Methanogens, 30
Lipids, 221–246 Methanol, 208–218
cracking advantages of, 210–211
catalytic, 224–225 for biofuel cells, 282
by in situ catalysts, 241–245 and cold starting, 211–212
metal oxide catalysts, 239–240 in compression ignition engines,
thermal degradation process, 222–225 206–209
in vegetable oil fuels/hydrocarbon emissions with, 211
blends, 225–239 ethanol versus, 217–218
feed component in FCC, 237–239 formaldehyde emission, 213
refitting engines for, 227 and parts corrosion, 212
tailored conversion products, 227–237 petrol versus, 213–217