Page 331 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

310 Index

Pollution (Cont.) Rhodopseudomonas, in biohydrogen
from petroleum-fueled vehicles, production, 41
191–192 Rhodospirillum, in biohydrogen
and replanting of biomass, 46 production, 41
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Rice bran oil, 168
(PEMFCs), 255–263 RITE (Research Institute of Innovative
electrochemistry, 256–259 Technology for the Earth), 88
electrodes, 257 Rubber plants, 27–28, 61
performance, 259–263 Rubber seed oil, 122–123, 168
for portable power systems, 290 Ruminococcus albus, in biohydrogen
stationary power applications, 289 production, 42
transportation applications, 290
water and air management, 259 SADAF, 70
Pongamia oil, 180, 181 Safflower oil, 167–168, 223, 240
Population, world, 3 Sal oil, 136–137
Portable power systems, 290 Saponification, 129
Potatoes, crop area required for, 195 Sasol, 70
Potential energy, 5 Secondary consumers, 8
Pour points (PPs), 154, 155 Seed-based oils, 55
Power, defined, 295–296 Self-reliance, 2
Power-conditioning system (fuel cells), Separate enzymatic hydrolysis and
288 fermentation (SHF), 95–96
POX (see Partial oxidation) Series-arranged continuous flow
PPP (see Pentose phosphate pathway) fermentation, 94
PPs (see Pour points) Sewage sludge, low-temperature
Predator-prey relationship, 8 conversion of, 241–245
Primary consumers, 8 SHF (see Separate enzymatic hydrolysis
Producers, 8 and fermentation)
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, 256 SI engines (see Spark ignition engines)
(See also Polymer electrolyte Simultaneous saccharification and
membrane fuel cells) fermentation (SSF), 63, 95–97
Purification (bioethanol): Sludge, 66, 241–245
alternative processes, 100 Slurry, 66
by distillation, 98–100 Socioeconomic impact of alcohol fuels, 219
Putranjiva oil, 170–177 SOFCs (see Solid oxide fuel cells)
Pyrolysis, 35 Soft coke, comparison of other fuels and, 12
PZ-2/50H, 228 Solar constants, 8
Solar energy, 8
Quality of life, 2–3 dependence of biotic species on, 10
Quantum, 296 efficiency of, 45
for electric power generation, 290–291
Rancimat method, 157 energy forms converted from, 45
Rapeseed oil, 236, 239–240 green plants’ use of, 45–46
as diesel substitute, 227 limiting factors for use of, 10
pyrolysis, 240 Solar light energy technologies, 1–2
transesterification by acid or alkali, 180 Solar photovoltaic panels, 1
Reduction half reactions, 256, 257 Solar thermal power, 1
Renewable energy: Solid biomass products, 63–66
defined, 45 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), 274–279
for electric power generation, 290–291 electrochemistry, 276–277
photosynthetic plants for (see electrode, 277
Photosynthetic plants) hardware, 278–279
sources of, 2–4 stationary power applications, 289