Page 332 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Index 311

Sorghum, 28, 55, 195 Tallow, 157, 168
South America, biomass fuel development engine performance with, 186–187
in, 3 engine performance with esters of,
Soybean oil, 56, 166–169 131–132
in comparison of fuel properties, Tapioca, 197
222, 223 Tappeiner, H., 28
engine performance, 184–186 TCA (see Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
enzymatic transesterification, Terrestrial systems:
182–184 impact of alcohol fuels on, 218
transesterification by acid or alkali, types of, 9
178–180 Thermal degradation (vegetable oils),
Spark ignition (SI) engines, 193, 199, 222–225
206, 207 Thermodynamics, 5–7
SR (see Steam reforming) Thylakoids, 19–21
SSF (see Simultaneous saccharification Tigernut oil, 127–129
and fermentation) Tonka bean oil, 123–124
Standard state, 7 Transesterification, 62
Starch, conversion to sugars, 195 by acid or alkali, 177–181
Starch crops: enzymatic, 181–184
for ethanol production, 71 variables influencing, 109
sugar production from, 73–76 Transportation:
(See also specific crops, e.g.: Sorghum) fuel cell technology, 290
Stationary fuel cell systems, 289–290 impact of alcohol fuels on, 219
Steam reforming (SR), 285, 286 Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), 84, 85
Stillingia oil, 168 Trilaurin, 240
Submarine systems, 9 Triolein, 240
Subterrestrial systems, 9 Tung oil, 137–138
Sugar beets, 28, 194, 195 Turbidostat, 92
Sugar crops, for ethanol production, 12th Congress of World Energy, 2–3
71
Sugarcane: Ucuuba oil, 138–139
anhydrous alcohol from, 197 United Kingdom, 33
biomass yield of, 28 United States:
crop area required for, 195 biodiesel tax exemptions, 108
as renewable energy source, 55 biomass energy, 46
as source of alcohol, 194 cetane number standards, 152, 153
Sugars: ethanol production, 71
from lignocellulosic materials, ethanol use, 62
77–82 fuel cell technology, 290
chemical hydrolysis, 78–80 gasohol, 201
enzymatic hydrolysis, 81–82
pretreatment prior to enzymatic Vegetable oil fuel/hydrocarbon blends,
hydrolysis, 80–81 225–239
production of, 73–76 feed component in FCC, 237–239
simple, conversion to ethanol, 83 refitting engines for, 227
Sulfite waste liquor, in ethanol tailored conversion products, 227–237
production, 196 at T = 400°C, 229–235
Sunflower oil, 166–169 at T = 550°C, 235–237
engine performance, 184–185 Vegetable oils:
transesterification by acid or alkali, Buffalo gourd oil, 56
178–180 as diesel fuel alternatives, 55 (See also
SunFuel, 62 Biodiesel)
Sweden, 197–198 edible (see Edible oils)