Page 325 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

304 Index

Engines, internal combustion (Cont.): Ethanol recovery:
biodiesel, 108 (See also Biodiesel) alternative processes, 100
petroleum-based fuels, 191–192 bioethanol, 98
performance Ethiopian mustard oil, 125–126
with ethanol, 202–206 Ethylene, 70
with methanol–diesel fuel blends, EU (see European Union)
206–207 Eucalyptus:
vegetable oil fuels/hydrocarbon biomass yield of, 28
blends, 165–219 as renewable energy source, 53
pollutants from, 191–192 Europe:
refitting, for vegetable oil biomass fuel development in, 3
fuels/hydrocarbon blends, 227 cetane number standards, 152
spark ignition, 193, 199 fuel cell technology, 290
Enterobacter, in biohydrogen production, oxidative stability standard, 157
42 European Union (EU):
Enthalpy, 7 biodiesel tax exemptions, 108
Entropy, 7 markets for sewage sludge and
Environment: organic residues, 241
care of, 2 support for renewable energy
microenvironments, 9 research in, 45
Enzymatic biohydrogen production, 39 Exergonic reaction, 6
Enzymatic hydrolysis:
lignocellulosic materials, 80–82 Facultative anaerobes, in biohydrogen
starch, 75–76 production, 42
Enzymatic processes: Fatty acids, 149–151
fermentation processes coupled with, 63 Fatty esters, 149–151
for lignocellulosic processes, 63, 95–98 Fed-batch fermentation processes, 91–92
Epilimnon systems, 9 Fermentation, 82
Epimarine systems, 9 in biorefinery process, 65
Equilibrium state, 7 ethanol, 12, 86–89
Equistar, 70 lactic, 12–13
Escherichia coli, in biohydrogen microorganisms related to, 86–89
production, 42 of organic substrates, 27
Estuarine systems, 9 simultaneous saccharification and, 96–97
Ethanol, 69, 193–200 Fermentation processes (ethanol
for biofuel cells, 282 production), 89–98
biologically produced (see Bioethanol) batch, 90–91
compared to petrol and diesel, 194 continuous, 92–94
compared to petrol and gasohol, 201 enzymatic lignocellulosic hydrolyzates
in compression ignition engines, fermentation strategies, 94
204–206 enzymatic process coupled with, 63
current use of, 62 enzymatic versus acid hydrolysis for
fermentation, 12, 86–89 lignocellulosic materials, 97–98
in gasahol, 201–202 fed-batch, 91–92
methanol versus, 217–218 separate enzymatic hydrolysis and
performance of engine, 202–203 fermentation, 95–96
petrol versus, 201 series-arranged continuous flow, 94
prices, 70 simultaneous saccharification and
production of, 62–63, 70, 71, 194–198 fermentation, 96–97
properties of, 198–200 Fermentative ethanol (see Bioethanol)
purity of, 99 Ficus elastica, 58–59
total world production, 70 Filamentous fungi, in ethanol
Ethanol dehydration, 101 fermentation, 88–89