Page 324 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Index 303

Diesel, Rudolf, 165 Electrolytes (Cont.):
Diesel fuel: polymer electrolyte membrane fuel
alternatives to, 62, 107 (See also cells, 255–257
Biodiesel) solid oxide fuel cells, 274–277, 279
in comparison of fuel properties, 223 Electron volts, 295
ethanol and petrol compared to, 194 Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), 84, 85
Dilute-acid hydrolysis, 78–80, 97 (See also Glycolysis)
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), Energy, 1–43
263–264, 290 bioenergy, 9–11
Distillation: bioenergy cell models, 18–21
alcohol, 198 biofuels, 25–27
bioethanol, 98–100 biogas, 28–30
petroleum products, 222 biological energetics (bioenergetics),
Diversification of energy supply, 2 11–16
DMFCs (see Direct methanol fuel cells) bioluminescence, 35–36
Dry-biomass conversion process, 61 biomass, 3, 34
Dry-milling process, 75 chemical cell, 16–18
Dye-sensitized solar cells, 1 in common substances, 6
Dynamic viscosity, 158 ecosystems dependent on, 7–9
energy and work units, 295–296
Ecosystems, energy-dependence of, 7–9 in Europe and South America, 3
Edible oils, 124–129 gasification and pyrolysis, 34–35
cardoon oil, 124–125 global consumption, 251
Ethiopian mustard oil, 125–126 gobargas, 30–34
gold-of-pleasure oil, 126–127 hydrogen, 37–38
low-cost edible oils, 124–129 inefficient forms of, 1
tigernut oil, 127–129 of living cells, 21–22
tonka bean oil, 123–124 microbial conversion for, 38–43
used frying oils, 129–131 per capita requirement for, 1
(See also Lipids) of plant cells, 22–25
Efficiency of energy supplies, 2 plant hydrocarbons, 27–28
Electricity: renewable sources of, 2
comparison with other fuels, 12 resources remaining to be
renewable energy for power generation, developed/commercialized, 3–4
290–291 search for renewable/infinite
Electrochemical cells, with living sources of, 3
thylakoids, 21 solar light energy technologies, 1–2
Electrodes, 17, 18 thermodynamics, 5–7
alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells, 264–266 12th Congress of World Energy, 2–3
biofuel cells, 280 types of, 5
microbial fuel cells, 282, 283 in United Kingdom, 3
molten carbonate fuel cells, 273 units of, 5
phosphoric acid fuel cells, 269 (See also specific sources of energy)
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel Engines:
cells, 257 compression ignition
solid oxide fuel cells, 277 alcohol fuels, 204–209
standard potentials, 17, 18 reducing emissions from, 165
Electrolyte concentrations, 17 diesel
Electrolytes, 252, 253 alcohol fuels, 107
alkaline-electrolyte fuel cells, 264–266 plant fuels, 62, 107 (See also
direct methanol fuel cells, 263 Biodiesel)
molten carbonate fuel cells, 272–273 internal combustion
phosphoric acid fuel cells, 267, 269 alcohol fuels (see Alcohol fuels)