Page 323 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

302 Index

Branched esters, 155 Chromatophores, 25
Brazil: CI engines (see Compression ignition
ethanol production, 71, 197, 198 engines)
ethanol use, 62 Climate change, 45
sugarcane production, 194 Cloud points (CPs), 154, 155
British Petroleum, 70 CN (see Cetane number)
British thermal units (Btus), 294 Coal conversion, 5, 210
Buffalo gourd oil, 56 Coal gas, comparison of other fuels and, 12
Butane (LPG), comparison with other Coconut oil, 240
fuels, 12 Cold filter plugging point (CFPP),
154, 155
C. beljerinscki, in biohydrogen Cold starting, with methanol, 211–212
production, 42 Cold-flow properties (biodiesel), 154–156
C. butyricum, in biohydrogen production, Colligative motion energy, 5
42 Compression ignition (CI) engines:
C. pasturianum, in biohydrogen alcohol fuels, 204–209
production, 42 reducing emissions from, 165
C. welchii, in biohydrogen production, Concentrated-acid hydrolysis, 78
42 Concentration cells, 17
Calories (cal), 295 Conservation of energy supplies, 2
Calotropis procera, 59 Consumers, 8
Calvin, Melvin, 27 Continuous fermentation processes,
Canada, fuel cell technology, 290 92–94
Canola oil, 240 Corn, biomass yield of, 28
Carafoli, Ernesto, 18 Corrosion, with alcohol fuels, 200, 212
Cardoon oil, 124–125 Cottonseed oil, 113–114
Cassava, 55, 195 engine performance, 184
Castor oil, 111–113, 166, 184 enzymatic transesterification, 182, 183
Catalytic cracking (CC), 224–225 physical and chemical properties, 168
Cathodes (fuel cells), 252, 253 pyrolyzed, 239–240
Cathodic catalyst layer (fuel cells), Cow dung (see Cattle dung)
252, 253 CPs (see Cloud points)
Cattle dung: Cuba, sugarcane production in, 194
comparison of other fuels and, 12 Cuphea oil, 114–115
gobargas yield of, 32 Cyanobacteria, in biohydrogen
in mixed cultures, 30 production, 39–40
(See also Gobargas)
Causuarina, 53, 54 Danish Co., 197
CC (see Catalytic cracking) Danish Distilleries, Ltd., 94
Cellulose, 60, 76, 77 Dark reaction, 47–49
acid hydrolysis by-products, 79 DAY-Wessalith, 228
enzymatic hydrolysis of, 82 Deforestation, 3
in ethanol production, 196–197 Degumming of vegetable oils, 169–177
Cetane number (CN), 150–154 blend performances, 172
CFPP (see Cold filter plugging point) effect of loads on emissions, 172–177
Charcoal, comparison of other effect of timing, 170
fuels and, 12 performance and emission
Chaulmoogra oil, 134–135 measurement, 170
Chemical cells, 16–18 Dehydration, ethanol, 101
Chemical hydrolysis, of lignocellulosic Dependence on energy, 2
materials, 78–80 Developing countries, energy
Chemical reaction, 5–7 administration in, 3
Chemostat, 92 Development assistance, 2