Page 322 - Biofuels Refining and Performance

Index 301

Bioenergy, 9–11 Biohydrogen production (Cont.):
Bioenergy cell models, 18–21 anaerobes, 42–43
Bioethanol, 69–102 cyanobacteria, 39–40
alternative recovery and purification enzymatic route, 39
processes, 100 facultative anaerobes, 42
conversion of simple sugars to, 83 Klebsiella oxytoca, 39
distillation, 98–100 major routes, 38
ethanol dehydration, 101 photosynthetic bacteria, 40–41
ethanol recovery, 98 Biological energetics (bioenergetics),
fermentation concepts, 82 11–16
fermentation processes, 89–98 anabolic photosynthesis, 15
batch, 90–91 energy conservation and efficiency
continuous, 92–94 factor, 13–15
enzymatic versus acid hydrolysis for energy relations, 11–13
lignocellulosic materials, 97–98 nitrogen fixation, 15–16
fed-batch, 91–92 Biological energy, 5
microorganisms related to, 86–89 Bioluminescence, 35–36
separate enzymatic hydrolysis and Biomass, 3, 34
fermentation, 95–96 from animals and animal products, 9–10
series-arranged continuous flow, 94 (See also Gobargas)
simultaneous saccharification and conversion process, 61
fermentation, 96–97 defined, 46
strategies for enzymatic direct combustion of, 64
lignocellulosic hydrolyzates energy efficiency of, 1
fermentation, 94 products from, 60–66
global market for, 69–71 gaseous, 62
lignocellulosic materials liquid, 62–63
characterization of, 76–77 solid, 63–66
enzymatic lignocellulosic as renewable energy, 45–46
hydrolyzates fermentation sources of, 34
strategies, 94 yield of specific crops, 28
enzymatic versus acid hydrolysis (See also Photosynthetic plants)
fermentation processes for, 97–98 Biomethanation, 38 (See also Biogas;
sugar solution from, 77–82 Gobargas)
production Biophotolysis, 25–26
from hexoses, 83–85 Bioreactors (for fuel cells), 281–282
overall process for, 72 Biorefinery process, 64–66
from pentoses, 85 Biosphere, 9
of sugars from raw materials, 73–76 Biostil, 93–94
Biofuel cells, 252, 279–284 Bis-allylic position equivalent (BAPE), 158
bioreactors with, 281–282 Bitter almond oil, 133, 134
electrical coupling in, 280 Black box fuel cells, 5
electrochemistry, 281–282 Blackman’s reaction (dark reaction), 49
mediatorless microbial fuel cells, Blends:
282–284 with alcohols, 200–201, 217
“one-compartment,” 283 biodiesel, 62
types of, 279 of vegetable oil fuels/hydrocarbons,
Biofuels, 25–27 (See also specific fuels) 225–239
Biogas, 28–30, 65 (See also Gobargas) engine performance, 165–219
Biogeographical distribution, 9 feed component in FCC, 237–239
Biogeological distribution, 9 refitting engines for, 227
Biohydrogen production, 38–43 tailored conversion products,
aerobes, 41–42 227–237