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86 Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future
Fig. 4.6 Model of the indicators to be considered in the LCA comparison of alternative
biorefineries (Bauzá, 2015).
BVP
17.0
RBE RMC
1.2
1.0
0.8
Subtitle:
0.6
BVP: Biotechnological valorization potential
0.4
SLU FRF RMC: Consumption of raw materials
0.2
WR: Reduction of water use
RCR: Raw material cost rate
FRF: Input fraction of raw material
GM: Gross margin
RCR WR
NRES GM
Fig. 4.7 Radar diagram for the evaluation of biorefinery sustainability. (Modified from
Navarro, F.S.P., Vilchis, L.E., Sacramento-Rivero, J.C., 2014. Aplicación de una nueva
metodología para la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de biorefinerias. Memorias del XXV
Encuentro Nacional de la AMIDIQ, pp. 3281–3286.)
Other studies are based on the comparison of mass and energy balances
between production processes that contemplate biorefineries and conven-
tional processes. Both mass and energy balances must be as rigorous as pos-
sible. Fig. 4.8 depicts a comparison between energy balances and GHG
emissions for a biorefinery and for a reference, conventional refinery.