Page 327 - Biomedical Engineering and Design Handbook Volume 1, Fundamentals

304 BIOMECHANICS OF THE HUMAN BODY

(2006), the gastrocnemius muscles are treated as both plantar flexors of the ankle and flexors of the
knee, and the ankle function and knee function can be modeled simultaneously.
This model can also be used to estimate individual muscle forces and joint moments of different
populations, including healthy subjects, poststroke patients, osteoarthritis patients, etc. (Buchanan
et al., 2005; Bassett et al., 2006). This approach may reveal underlying neuromuscular principles that
are important for clinicians and physical therapists. Since EMG-driven models can be used to pre-
dict novel trials, they can be employed to calculate the muscle activation patterns for a stroke patient
needed to achieve a desired healthy joint moment profile (Shao and Buchanan, 2006). These calcu-
lated corrective changes in muscle activation patterns can be used as reference data to derive appro-
priate stimulation patterns, which can be applied in stroke patients’ gait training with functional
electrical stimulation.
This modeling approach has also been used to study the contribution of soft tissues to knee
varus/valgus moment during static tasks (Lloyd and Buchanan, 1996). In the future, a ligament
model can be incorporated into the EMG-driven model to study ligament forces and joint contact
forces during dynamic movements. This may give us more information about the knee mechanics of
healthy subjects, anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients, or osteoarthritis patients.

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