Page 237 - Challenges in Corrosion Costs Causes Consequences and Control(2015)

METALS AND ALLOYS 215

TABLE 4.7 Stainless Steel Consumption
Industry Total Metric Tons Percent
Construction 343,175 14.2
Food equipment 370,119 15.3
Oil/gas – chemical 33,332 1.4
Fabricated metal products 302,607 12.5
Industrial/commercial machinery 95,297 3.9
Transportation 576,583 23.8
Electric 89,240 3.7
Furniture and fixtures 10, 327 0.4
Pulp and paper 25,851 1.1
Measure/analyze 26,642 1.1
Electrical/gas/sanitary 4243 0.2
All others/not classified 359,750 14.8
Conversion (pipe and tube) 186,078 7.7
Total 2,425,105 100.0

TABLE 4.8 Prices of Metals
Year Price
1960 $2.20 per kg of nickel
1998 $4.40 per kg of nickel
1998 $5.00 per kg of molybdenum
1960 Cr $2.0 per kg
1998 Cr $8.0 per kg

chemical process industries where the conditions are aggressive. These alloys
are extensively used in other industries where high-temperature and/or corrosive
conditions exist. It is interesting to note the changes in the price of metals and alloys
with time (Table 4.8).
The primary use of titanium alloys is in the aerospace and military industry where
the high-strength-to-weight ratio and the resistance to high temperatures are of inter-
est. Titanium and its alloys are corrosion-resistant to many environments such as oil
production and refinery, chemical process, and pulp and paper industries. It was esti-
mated in 1998 that 65% of mill products were used in aerospace applications and
35% were used in other applications (12). The most common form of titanium used
is titanium sponge, which is produced in the United States, China, Japan, Russia, and
Kazakhstan. The price of titanium increased from $2 per pound in 1960 to $4 per
pound in 1980–1990. The price of titanium is very much dependent on the aerospace
industry.
In 1998, 21,600 metric tons of titanium sponge was produced. The total consump-
tion was 39,100 metric tons at a cost of $391 million. The cost of $150 million has
been reported for titanium and titanium alloys for corrosion control applications.