Page 80 - Communication Commerce and Power The Political Economy of America and the Direct Broadcast Satellite

68 Communication, Commerce and Power

24 Robert Mayer Evans, Special Assistant to the Director of the US
Information Agency, testimony in ibid., p. 153. In 1962, the USIA
produced pamphlets, magazines, books, films and shortwave radio
broadcasts promoting US space achievements. Seep. 160.
25 Hudson, Communication Satellites, pp. 24--5.
26 Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 47 USC 704-44. This Act was
passed eleven months after President Kennedy's announcement that the
United States would put a man on the moon by 1970. According to
Kennedy advisor McGeorge Bundy, Comsat was conceived 'for the
purpose of taking and holding a position of leadership ... in the field
of international commercial satellite service.' Quoted in Herbert I.
Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire, 1st edn, p. 131.
27 Robert S. Magnant, Domestic Satellite: An FCC Giant Step (Boulder,
Col.: Westview Press, 1977) p. 74.
28 Jeremy Tunstall, Communications Deregulation, p. 66.
29 US Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business. Subcommit-
tee on Monopoly. Hearings on 'Space Satellite Communications,' 87th
Cong., 1st sess., 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and II August 1961, p. 52.
30 Dingman quoted in ibid., p. 251.
31 Michael E. Kinsley, Outer Space and Inner Sanctums: Government,
Business, and Satellite Communication (New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1976) p. 10.
32 Senator Russell Long, speaking on 18 June 1962, quoted in ibid., p. 12.
33 Jonathan F. Galloway, The Politics and Technology of Satellite Commu-
nications (Toronto: Lexington Books, 1972) p. 90.
34 Hudson, Communication Satellites, p. 27.
35 US Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations 'Hearings on the
Communications Satellite Act of 1962,' 87th Cong., 2nd sess., 3, 6, 7, 8
and 9 August, 1962, p. 188.
36 Pastore quoted in Michael E. Kinsley, Outer Space and Inner Sanctums,
p. 135.
37 Robert S. Magnant, Domestic Satellite, p. 64.
38 Hughes Aircraft, seeking prospective markets, originally approached
ABC with the concept of a 'national network in the sky'. See ibid., p. 91.
39 The reader will recall the assurances made by common carriers during
the Congressional hearings preceding the Communications Satellite Act
of 1962 that the legislation would provide Comsat with a monopoly
over overseas telesatellite communications only.
40 Kinsley, Outer Space and Inner Sanctums, pp. 17-21.
41 P'ITs are the dominant agents in most nation-state telecommunication
systems. Controlling their own domestic cable-based networks, PTTs
today not only manage most distribution activities but together consti-
tute the world's largest equipment market and control most available
telecommunication research and development funds. European govern-
ments generally have taken somewhat uncoordinated and/or reluctant
steps to privatize PTT activities.
42 While US officials had originally envisioned that Comsat would estab-
lish bilateral communication agreements with foreign nation states,
European countries - through their formation of the European