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158   Control theory in biomedical engineering

























          Fig. 6 Data on da Vinci robots by country from Scopus in February 2020. Query: TITLE-
          ABS-KEY (Da AND Vinci AND robot).





                             Medical Robotics





                           Robotics to assist patients  Robotics to assist
                            with health difficulties  doctors/surgeons

                                                     Robotics for
                                                      Surgery,
                         Assistive    Rehabilitation
                        Technologies   Robotics      Exploration,
                                                    Diagnosis and
                                                      Therapy
          Fig. 7 Classification-based applications of medical robotics. Adapted from Dombre, E.,
          2003. Introduction to Medical Robotics, Summer European University on Surgical
          Robotics, Montpellier, https://www.lirmm.fr/UEE07/presentations/lecturers/Dombre.pdf.


          classified according to their applications into two main groups (Dombre,
          2003): robotics to assist doctors/surgeons and robotics to assist patients with
          health difficulties. The first class includes robotics for surgery, exploration,
          diagnosis, and therapy. The second class incorporates on one hand all
          assistive-technologies including robots that improve the quality of life of dis-
          abled and elderly people by increasing personal independence, and on the
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