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Medical robotics 159

Prostheses
and artificial
limbs

Robot Orthotic
personal devices and
assistants exoskeletons

Assistive
technologies
Functional
electro-
stimulation
Robotic aids
robotic aids

Smart Home
Smart house

Fig. 8 Robotic assistive technologies. Adapted from Dombre, E., 2003. Introduction to
Medical Robotics, Summer European University on Surgical Robotics, Montpellier, https://
www.lirmm.fr/UEE07/presentations/lecturers/Dombre.pdf.

other hand robotics assisted-therapy tools used temporarily by people with
motor disorders caused by stroke or spinal cord diseases (Dombre, 2003).
As shown in Fig. 8, assistive technologies include (Garcia-Aracil et al.,
2017; Mohammed et al., 2017; Shishehgar et al., 2018):
– Prosthetic devices and artificial limbs (Marks and Michael, 2001),
– Orthotic devices and exoskeletons (Segil, 2019; Moreno et al., 2018;
Pons, 2008),
– Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems (Popovi c, 2014),
– Smart houses (Stefanov et al., 2004),
– Robotic aids (Faria et al., 2014),
– Robot personal assistants (Graf et al., 2009; Clotet et al., 2016; Costa
et al., 2018; Martinez-Martin and del Pobil, 2018).
In Dario et al. (1996), medical robots are classified according to their scale on
three sets: (1) macro-robotics, (2) micro-robotics, and (3) bio-robotics.
Macro-robotics include manipulators for surgery and rehabilitation and
wheelchairs. Micro-robotics include robotics devices for minimally invasive