Page 207 - Control Theory in Biomedical Engineering

188 Control theory in biomedical engineering

Fig. 31 Examples of lower-limb exoskeleton systems (A) LOPES; (B) active leg
exoskeleton (ALEX); and (C) NEUROBike (Dzahir and Yamamoto, 2014), used under
CC BY license.

three commercial treadmill walking trainers for lower limb orthopedic sys-
tems while Fig. 31 presents three examples of exoskeletons.
Robotic assistive technologies can be oriented for rehabilitation of
patients with special needs, such as children and the eldery. Indeed, in
addition to their educational roles, robots have been also introduced to help
children with autism spectrum disorder, a neurodevelopment disorder char-
acterized by impairments in social-communication abilities and restricted and
repetitive behaviors (see (Zhang et al., 2019) and related references). Fig. 32
shows a scenario of rehabilitation assistance for a child with autism.
In the same framework, in Shishehgar et al. (2018), the authors categorize
robots for addressing aged care problems in nine groups: (1) companion robots,

Fig. 32 Social robots for children rehabilitation with autism spectrum disorder (Zhang
et al., 2019), used under CC BY 4.0.