Page 209 - Control Theory in Biomedical Engineering

190 Control theory in biomedical engineering

are helpful in resolving a lack of recreation. Telepresence robots are
basically used to facilitate two-way communication with older adults;
through their visual content they can offer a richer communication expe-
rience than voice alone. One of the most important aspects of commu-
nication is a sense of connectedness, which helps individuals not to feel
lonely. These robots could also have benefits for people with cognitive
impairment problems and help them to stay in their homes. Manipulator
service robots are robots with an arm-shaped attachment(s) to handle and
carry objects upon request for the purpose of supporting the basic tasks of
independent living.

7 Robots in medical training as body-part simulators
Motivated by the need of standardized medical procedures and in order to
reduce animal and patient tests, several commercial realistic body-part
simulators have been developed for the training of medical students.
Detailed history of the development of mannequins and some screen
simulators are given in Cooper (2004), Cooper and Taqueti (2008),
and Chiniara and Crelinsten (2019).The combinationofsoftmaterials,
contractile actuators, and flexible sensors have opened many opportu-
nities for the generation of body-part simulators for the investigation
of physiology and to generate realistic healthcare scenarios (Cianchetti
et al., 2018).
Harvey, currently sold by the Laerdal Corporation (https://www.
laerdal.com/doc/172/Next-Generation-Harvey-The-Cardiopulmonary-
Patient-Simulator), was one of the earliest medical simulators available for
training of healthcare professionals (Cooper and Taqueti, 2008). Harvey
was created in 1968 by Dr. Michael Gordon at the University of Miami.
Next Generation Harvey provides cardiopulmonary training for all health-
care providers. This full-size manikin realistically simulates nearly any
cardiac disease at the touch of a button. It includes 50 patient cases, 10 com-
prehensive standardized patient curriculums, and enhanced physical
features.
Among birthing simulators reproducing a mother in labor (Kim et al.,
2005; Leigh and Hurst, 2008; Smith et al., 2014), Victoria, produced
by Gaumard Scientific (https://www.gaumard.com/), simulates events seen
during a full-term or premature delivery. These include any complications