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Medical robotics 191

Fig. 34 Laparoscopic training simulator (Nakadate and Hashizume, 2018). Used under
CC BY 3.0C.

like breech presentation, shoulder dystocia, maternal bleeding, or umbilical
cord prolapse.
Nowadays, there are also some surgical simulators using computer
graphics, rubber phantom, and harvested animal organs used for training
young, less experienced surgeons. Fig. 34 shows an example. The phan-
tom mimicks the small intestine. The task is anastomosis of the defect on
the intestine by three interrupted sutures. The result is evaluated by five
category skills: volume of air pressure leakage, number of full-thickness
sutures, suture tension, wound area, and performance time (Takeoka
et al., 2017).
Other types of simulators are also available, like the Advanced VR-based
Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) simulator (Khanal et al., 2014) and bronchos-
copy simulators (Baker et al., 2016).
Another type of simulators for lung physiology and mechanical ven-
tilation of intensive care patients are also commercially available.
A typical example is shown in Fig. 25, which describes a baby lung sim-
ulator produced by the Swiss Company neosim (https://www.neosim.
ch/Welcome/). Robotic simulation-based training in neonatal resuscita-
tion offers many benefits not inherent in traditional paradigms of medical
education (Halamek et al., 2000)(Fig. 35).