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                     194  Glossary


                     Projective technique   Qualitative research technique by which an individual
                                            is asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli such as vague
                                            statements or objects,designed to measure feelings,opin-
                                            ions, attitudes and motivations
                     PRSA                   Public Relations Society of America
                     Psychographics         A base for segmentation derived from attitude and
                                            behavioural variables
                     Public affairs         The public policy aspect of corporate communications
                     Public information     The use of writers and publicists to inform and reassure
                                            the general public of corporate practices, often used to
                                            describe communications before the Second World War
                     Public relations       The function or activity that aims to establish and
                                            protect the reputation of a company or brand, and to
                                            create mutual understanding between the organization
                                            and the segments of the public with whom it needs to
                                            communicate
                     Publicity              Media coverage
                     Public                 People who mobilize themselves against the organiza-
                                            tion on the basis of some common issue or concern to
                                            them
                     Publicly syndicated    Rankings of the reputation of organizations that are
                       rankings             published on an annual basis by various associations or
                                            agencies
                     Pull strategy          Pull communications, in contrast to push communica-
                                            tions, addresses the customer directly with a view to get-
                                            ting them to demand the product, and hence ‘pull’ it
                                            down through the distribution chain. It focuses on
                                            advertising and above the line activities
                     Push strategy          Push communications relies on the next link in the dis-
                                            tribution chain (e.g.a wholesaler or retailer) to ‘push’out
                                            products to the customer. It revolves around sales pro-
                                            motions – such as price reductions and point of sale dis-
                                            plays – and other below the line activities
                     Q-sort                 An oral interview technique where respondents are asked
                                            to sort cards (e.g.with company statements on them) and
                                            are then asked to motivate
                     Qualitative research   Research that does not use numerical data but relies on
                                            interviews, focus groups, repertory grid, etc. usually
                                            resulting in findings that are more detailed but also more
                                            subjective than those of quantitative research
                     Quantitative research  Research that concentrates on statistics and other
                                            numerical data, gathered through opinion polls, cus-
                                            tomer satisfaction surveys, and so on
                     Reach                  The percentage or number of people exposed to a media
                                            vehicle at least once
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