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                                                                              Glossary  195


                    Recall                 Used by researchers to establish how memorable a
                                           certain communications message was
                    Receiver               In communications theory the party receiving the
                                           message
                    Reflective practitioner  A practitioner who is mindful about his/her own
                                           professional conduct; and continuously reflects upon
                                           his/her own performance
                    Repertory grid         A technique for representing the attitudes and percep-
                                           tions of individuals, also called Personal Construct
                                           Technique. The technique can be useful in developing
                                           market research (and other) questionnaires
                    Reporting relationship  The person or department to whom a certain practi-
                                           tioner reports about his/her performance and activities
                    Reputation             See Corporate reputation
                    Resource dependence    The dependence of a practitioner in one communica-
                                           tions discipline on obtaining resources (e.g. advice, assis-
                                           tance, communication products) from another discipline
                                           to accomplish his or her objectives
                    Return on investment   The value that an organization derives from investing in
                      (ROI)                a project
                    Sales orientation      A primary focus of business on the selling of products –
                                           characteristic of the 1950s and beyond
                    Sales promotion        A range of techniques used to engage the purchaser.
                                           These may include discounting, coupons, guarantees,
                                           free gifts, competitions, vouchers, demonstrations, bonus
                                           commission and sponsorship
                    Sampling               The use of a statistically representative subset as a proxy
                                           for an entire population (e.g. in order to facilitate
                                           quantitative market research)
                    Secondary research     See Desk research
                    Segmentation           See Market segmentation
                    Selective attention    Where receivers notice only some of the message
                                           presented
                    Selective distortion   To see and hear differently from the message presented
                    Selective exposure     Idea that individuals only expose themselves to certain
                                           messages
                    Selective perception   The process of screening out information that is not of
                                           interest, and retaining information of use
                    Sender                 In communications theory the party sending the
                                           message
                    Share of voice         Calculation of a brand’s share of media expenditure in a
                                           particular category
                    Shareholder value      The worth of a company from the point of view of its
                                           shareholders
                    Skill (communications  The ability to produce or craft something (e.g. a written
                      skills)              document by way of writing skills)
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