Page 299 - Culture Media Language Working Papers in Cultural Studies

288 NOTES TO PAGES 15–16

3 G.Gerbner et al., Violence in TV Drama: A Study of Trends and Symbolic
Functions (The Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania 1970).
4Charles Peirce, Speculative Grammar, in Collected Papers (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press 1931–58).
5 Umberto Eco, ‘Articulations of the cinematic code’, in Cinemantics, no. 1.
6 See the argument in S.Hall, ‘Determinations of news photographs’, in WPCS 3
(1972).
7 Vološinov, Marxism And The Philosophy of Language (The Seminar Press 1973).
8 For a similar clarification, see Marina Camargo Heck, ‘Ideological dimensions of
media messages’, pages 122–7 above.
9 Roland Barthes, ‘Rhetoric of the image’, in WPCS 1 (1971).
10 Roland Barthes, Elements of Semiology (Cape 1967).
11 For an extended critique of ‘preferred reading’, see Alan O’Shea, ‘Preferred
reading’ (unpublished paper, CCCS, University of Birmingham).
12 P.Terni, ‘Memorandum’, Council of Europe Colloquy on ‘Understanding
Television’ (University of Leicester 1973).
13 The phrase is Habermas’s, in ‘Systematically distorted communications’, in
P.Dretzel (ed.), Recent Sociology 2 (Collier-Macmillan 1970). It is used here,
however, in a different way.
14 For a sociological formulation which is close, in some ways, to the positions
outlined here but which does not parallel the argument about the theory of
discourse, see Frank Parkin, Class Inequality and Political Order (Macgibbon and
Kee 1971).
15 See Louis Althusser, ‘Ideology and ideological state apparatuses’, in Lenin and
Philosophy and Other Essays (New Left Books 1971).
16 For an expansion of this argument, see Stuart Hall, ‘The external/internal dialectic
in broadcasting’, 4th Symposium on Broadcasting (University of Manchester
1972), and ‘Broadcasting and the state: the independence/impartiality couplet’,
AMCR Symposium, University of Leicester 1976 (CCCS unpublished paper).
Chapter 11
Television news and the Social Contract

1 Stuart Hall, ‘The determinations of news photographs’, WPCS 3 (1972).
2 Trevor Pateman, Television and the February 1974 General Election, BFI
Television Monograph no. 3 (British Film Institute 1974).
3 Pateman, Television and the February 1974 General Election.
4 It is not possible here to detail the establishment of this paradigm, but the 1960s
represent a moment of consolidation and crystallization in this field of
broadcasting.
5 J.Galtung and M.H.Ruge, ‘The structure of foreign news’, in J.Tunstall (ed.),
Media Sociology (London 1970).

Chapter 12
Recent developments in theories of language and ideology: a critical note

1 Screen, vol. 16, no. 2 (Summer 1975).