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290 NOTES TO PAGES 15–16

                 see Dave Morley, ‘Reconceptualizing the media audience’, CCCS Stencilled Paper
                 no. 9.
              25 See the way this charge is levelled in Ros Coward’s ‘Class, culture and the social
                 formation’, in Screen, vol. 18, no. 1 (Spring 1977). See also the reply, I.Chambers,
                 J.Clarke, I.Connell,  L.Curti, S.Hall  and T.Jefferson  in  Screen, vol. 18, no.  4
                 (Winter 1977/8).
              26 For a critique, see Rosen, Language and Class (Bristol: Falling Wall Press 1972).
                 For some Berstein reformulations, see  the 1973  ‘Postscript’ to  Class, Codes
                 and Control, vol. 1; and his ‘Classification and framing of educational knowledge’.
              27 Willemen, ‘Subjectivity under siege’.
              28 Neale, ‘Propaganda’.
              29 John Ellis, ‘The institution of the cinema’, Edinburgh Magazine (1977).
              30 Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes (Sheed and Ward, New Left
                 Books 1971).
              31 Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory.
              32 Parkin, Class Inequality and Political Order.
              33 See  S.Hall,  ‘Encoding/decoding’,  pp.  128–38  above;  and  Morley,
                 ‘Reconceptualizing the media audience’.
              34 Louis Althusser, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’.

                                       Chapter 14
                        Introduction to Language Studies at the Centre

               1 Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Penguin 1958), p. 27.
               2 Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution (Penguin 1965), p. 40.
               3 Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, p. 17.
              4 Roland Barthes, ‘The rhetoric of the image’, in WPCS (1971).
              5 Stuart Hall, ‘The determination of news photographs’, WPCS (1972), p. 82.
              6 ibid., p. 69.
              7 Roland Barthes, Elements of Semiology (Cape 1967), pp. 89–90.
              8Barthes, Elements of Semiology, p. 90.
              9 Roland Barthes, Mythologies (Cape 1972), pp. 129–30.
              10 Iain Chambers, ‘Roland Barthes: structuralism/semiotics’, in WPCS 6 (1974), p.
                 55.
              11 ibid., p. 57.
              12 John Ellis, ‘Semiology, art and the Chambers fallacy’, WPCS 9 (1976), p. 129.
              13 Chambers, ‘Roland Barthes’, p. 59.
              14 See WPCS 3 (1972), p. 60.
              15 Hall, ‘The determinations of news photographs’, p. 76.
              16 V.N.Vološinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (New  York: Seminar
                 Press 1973).
              17 Rosalind Coward and John Ellis, Language and Materialism (Routledge and Kegan
                 Paul 1977).
              18 Important here would be,  for example, the  journals  Screen, Ideology and
                 Consciousness and m/f.
              19 Louis Althusser, Reading Capital (New Left Books 1970).
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