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Decision-making-based optimal generation-side Chapter | 11 291

FIGURE 11.4 The power system under investigation.

considered to be 5% of the total demand. The used data in the simulation
can be found in Refs. [24 26].

11.6.2 Simulation results and discussions

For evaluating the adopted fractional-order LFC technique, the optimal
values of controllers’ parameters used to control different areas are first
determined using objective function (11.26) [26]. As demonstrated earlier,
ICA is utilized to obtain the optimal values of the controllers’ parameters by
solving LFC optimization problem. Table 11.1 presents optimal values of the
controllers obtained by using ICA to solve (11.27).
In order to confirm robustness of the adopted fractional-order control
method, the performance of the controllers is evaluated and compared with
other control methods. In the comparison stage, load disturbance magnitudes
and types such as signal disturbance in one area, signal disturbance in all
areas, and multidisturbance in the different control areas are taken into
account [26]. In addition, several simulations are applied to power system