Page 331 - Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

292 Decision Making Applications in Modern Power Systems

TABLE 11.1 The controllers’ parameters value based on imperialist
competitive algorithm (ICA) and others.
Cont. no. Parameters ICA hGSA-PS DE
K p 1.2734 1.4735 22
K i 20.47637 21.53653 22
Controller 1 K d 20.354746 20.1836 1.01673
λ 0.326 0.5064 0.7043
μ 0.63 0.3838 0.65
K p 21.87535 1.3434 1.1189
K i 20.85221 20.888 21.998
Controller 2 K d 2 22 1.675
λ 0.5 0.5 0.6767
μ 0.133 0.35 0.6767

K p 22 20.786 22
21.84575 21.6 22
K i
Controller 3 K d 21.46660 20.9898 22
λ 0.60 0.5 0.333
μ 0.72 0.3535 0.333

DE, Differential algorithm; hGSA-PS, hybrid gravitational search and pattern search; ICA,
imperialist competitive algorithm.

under investigation to prove the robustness of the adopted method against
the varying of power system loading and parameters.
As to assess the adopted control strategy in case of occurrence of distur-
bances in all control areas, the performance of FOPID controllers in the case
of a 0.01 p.u. step increase in the demand of all areas is investigated [26].
The performance of ICA in tuning the parameters of load-frequency control-
lers is compared to hGSA-PS and DE algorithms. Fig. 11.5 shows that the
maximum frequency deviation of all areas in the case of using ICA algo-
rithm is highly decreased compared to hGSA-PS and DE algorithms.
Fig. 11.6 shows that the maximum deviation of the tie-lines power is highly
decreased in compare to the method proposed in hGSA-PS [25,26].
In order to evaluate the contribution of EVs in supporting the frequency
control in power systems, it is assumed that EVs can provide some second-
ary reserve. It is assumed that the participation of EVs in LFC is 15%.