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(A)
0.01
hGSA-PS
ICA (proposed)
0.005 DE algorithm
ΔP tie1–2 (p.u.) –0.005 0
–0.01
–0.015
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
(B) 0.01
hGSA-PS
DE algorithm
ICA (proposed)
0.005
ΔP tie1–3 (p.u.) 0
–0.005
–0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
(C) 0.015
hGSA-PS
ICA (proposed)
0.01 DE algorithm
ΔP tie2–3 (p.u.) 0.005 0
–0.005
–0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
FIGURE 11.6 The tie-line power deviation in the different areas: (A) tie-lines 1 2,
(B) tie-lines 1 3, and (C) tie-lines 2 3.
