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Decision-making-based optimal generation-side Chapter | 11 293

(A)
0.04
hGSA-PS
ICA (proposed)
0.02
DE algorithm
Δf 1 (Hz) –0.02
0

–0.04
–0.06
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

(B)
0.03
hGSA-PS
0.02 ICA (proposed)
DE algorithm
0.01
0
Δf 2 (Hz) –0.01
–0.02
–0.03
–0.04
–0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

(C) 0.03
hGSA-PS
0.02 ICA (proposed)
DE algorithm
0.01
Δf 3 (Hz) –0.01
0

–0.02

–0.03
–0.04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
FIGURE 11.5 The frequency deviation in the different areas: (A) area 1, (B) area 2, and (C)
area 3.