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Value Engineering  171

        Table 7.15 Pareto Voting

                       What Else Will Do the Job?
                                                            Votes
          Rank         Function: Enhance Appearance         Received

          1.           Use laminate instead of paint        5
          2.           Paint parts individually before assembly  4
          3.           Use curves instead of sharp edges    2

          4.           Use plastic material                 1
          5.           Use stainless-steel parts            0
          6.           Delete complicated features          0

          7.           Use chrome plating                   0
          8.           Use multicolor paint                 0
          9.           Use gold material                    0



        some other criteria. Ranking is the assignment of a preferred order of
        importance to a list of items. Weighting is the determination of the relative
        degree of difference between items.

        In paired comparisons each item is compared to every other item on the list
        in turn, using a simple matrix. It is most convenient for up to 15 items. A
        comparative decision is made between any two items on a two- or three-
        level basis. In a two-level comparison, 2 = major difference and 1 = minor
        difference. In a three-level comparison, 3 = significant difference, 2 =
        moderate difference, and 1 = minimal difference.

        Example 7.8 shows how paired comparison works.

            Example 7.8: Paired Comparison for Pencil Improvement
            This example refers to the case presented in Example 7.3. After some dis-
            cussion by the team about how to improve the pencil, several ideas about cost
            reduction for the pencil are proposed (see Table 7.16).
            The next step will be to evaluate idea A with respect to B, idea A versus C, and
            so on, for all possible pairs. Is A or B a better idea based on cost, benefit,
            customer satisfaction, etc.? Table 7.17 summarizes the comparisons for all
            possible pairs. When comparing A and B, a B-2 result indicates the team thinks
            that idea B is moderately better than A. Similarly, when comparing A and C, an
            A-1 result indicates that the team thinks idea A is minimally better than C.
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