Page 173 - Designing Sociable Robots

breazeal-79017 book March 18, 2002 14:7

154 Chapter 9

Table 9.1
Data illustrating evidence for entrainment of human to robot.
Time Stamp (min:sec) Time Between Disturbances (sec)

subject 1 start 15:20 15:20–15:33 13
15:37–15:54 21
15:56–16:15 19
16:20–17:25 70
end 18:07 17:30–18:07 37+
subject 2 start 6:43 6:43–6:50 7
6:54–7:15 21
7:18–8:02 44
end 8:43 8:06–8:43 37+
subject 3 start 4:52 4:52–4:58 10
5:08–5:23 15
5:30–5:54 24
6:00–6:53 53
6:58–7:16 18
7:18–8:16 58
8:25–9:10 45
end 10:40 9:20–10:40 80+

Table 9.2
Kismet’s turn-taking performance during proto-dialogue with three naive subjects. Significant disturbances are
small clusters of pauses and interruptions between Kismet and the subject until turn-taking becomes coordinated
again.
Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3

Data Percent Data Percent Data Percent Average
Clean Turns 35 83 45 85 83 78 82
Interrupts 4 10 4 7.5 16 15 11
Prompts 3 7 4 7.5 7 7 7
Significant Flow
Disturbances 3 7 3 5.7 7 7 6.5
Total Speaking Turns 42 53 106

Table 9.2 shows that the robot is engaged in a smooth proto-dialogue with the human partner
the majority of the time (about 82 percent).

9.7 Limitations and Extensions

Kismet can engage a human in compelling social interaction, both with toys and during
face-to-face exchange. People seem to interpret Kismet’s emotive responses quite naturally
and adjust their behavior so that it is suitable for the robot. Furthermore, people seem to