Page 397 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX

Page numbers in italic indicate figures; those followed by b indicate boxed material; those followed by t indicate tables
A albedo, 44 anoxic waters, in Mediterranean Sea,
ablation, of ice sheets, 156–157, Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 124 143
156–158 aliasing, 134, 134–135, 279 Antarctic ice sheet, 26
absolute zero, 5 alkenones, 226, 226 absence in Cretaceous simulation, 83
Acropora palmata, 167 Alley, Richard, 262 as climate archive, 20
Adhemar, Joseph, 156 alligators, 99 destabilization of, 352
aerosols, 32 Alps glaciation and, 103, 103
carbon, future emissions of, 347–348 during Little Ice Age, 290 melting of, 320, 355
sulfate. See sulfate aerosols uplift of, 106, 107 sea level and, 90
Africa Altiplano, uplift of, 108 slow response to climate change,
monsoons in, 242 Amazon Basin 351–352, 352
mountain glaciers in, in 2 X CO during last glacial maximum, spread of, 98
2
world, 350 223–224 temperatures on, 176
savanna hypothesis of human uplift weathering hypothesis and, volume of, 212t, 319
evolution and, 276–278, 277 78–79, 79 Antarctic Ocean
variability selection hypothesis and, Amazon River, 109 calcite shells in, 28
278 Americas during last glacial maximum, 223,
vegetation in, in 2 X CO world, 350 arrival of first humans in, 285, 285 224
2
see also East Africa; North Africa; see also North America; South Antarctica
specific countries America; specific countries millennial oscillations and, 258–259,
Agassiz ice cap, 246, 247 ammonia (NH ), in early atmosphere, 259
3
Agassiz, Lake, 238, 238–239 52–53 opening between South America
Agassiz, Louis, 290 amplitude, of cycle, 122b and, 103
agriculture Anasazi people, 282–283 ozone hole over, 332
climate warming and, 355 Andes, 61, 223, 224 position of, 66
deforestation and, 285–286 drainage of, 109 separation from Australia, 103,
deglacial warming and, 280–281 100,000-year climatic oscillations 104
early anthropogenic hypothesis and, and, 198, 198 vegetation on, 98
285–288, 286–288 Quelccaya ice cap in, 292, 294, 294 warmth of 100 Myr ago in, 82
early, impact of climate on, 280, uplift of, 106, 107, 108 anthropogenic forcing, 10, 15
280–283 uplift weathering hypothesis and, 79 apes, modern and primitive, 274
early, impact on climate, 285–288, animals aphelion, 120–121
286–288 climate warming and, 356 Appalachian mountains, 78
growing season length in Alaska and, deglaciation and, 242 Arabia
318–319, 319 El Niño and, 300b animals in, 242
Agung eruption, 327, 328 extinctions of, asteroid impacts and, dust storms in, 214–215
air 92 monsoons in, 242
as climate system component, 8, 9, first, evolution of, 55 Arabian Sea
10 fossil remains of, warmth of 100 millennial oscillations and, 258
see also atmosphere Myr ago and, 82, 83 sediments of, 242, 243
air bubbles future climate warming and, 351 Arctic
in ice sheet, 31, 177, 177 megafaunal extinctions and, 284, tree rings in, 297
verifying ice core measurements of, 284–285, 285 see also Canadian Arctic
177–178, 178 as methane source, 330–331, 347 Arctic Ocean
Akkadian empire, 281–282 primitive mammals, 274, 275 10 Myr ago, 349, 350
Alaska variability selection hypothesis and, warming of, since 1800, 318,
growing season length in, 318–319, 278 318–319, 319
319 annual layers Argentina
human crossing into, 284–285 dating of archives using, 24, 25, 26 tree rings in, 297
joined to Siberia, 239, 239 in ice cores, 24, 25, 26, 176–177, 253 vegetation in, in 2 X CO world,
2
mountain glaciers of, 98 see also tree rings 350
373