Page 402 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

378 INDEX

equinoxes, 120 channeled scablands and, 240b G
ellipses of, 124–126, 126, 127b, 128, Cretaceous, causes of, 87–91, 88 Gaia hypothesis, 53, 55, 55–57, 56
128–129 legends of, 282b–283b Galápagos Islands, 298, 299
equivalent CO , 335 moderation of climate by, 91 Garrels, Robert, 71
2
erosion, by ice sheets, 202, 202, 214 temperature 100 Myr ago and, gateway hypothesis, of glaciation,
Eurasia 82, 82 103–105
brown clouds over, 334 Florida, millennial oscillations and, general circulation models (GCMs)
during last glacial maximum, 222, 257–258 atmospheric, 32–34, 33–35
222–223, 223 fluvial sediments, 29 ocean, 34–35, 36, 84–85, 103, 104
vegetation in, 10 Myr ago, 349, 350 Folsom points, 285 Pangaea and, 67–71, 68–71
see also specific countries foraminifera sensitivity tests and. See sensitivity
Eurasian ice sheet, 99, 213 millennial oscillations and, 254 tests
expansion of, 180 See also benthic foraminifera; sensitivity to greenhouse gases in,
Europe, 68 phytoplankton; planktic 335, 336, 336b–337b, 337–338,
deforestation in, 286 foraminifera; plankton 338
evidence of millennial oscillations in, forcing geochemical climate models, 31,
256–257, 257 monsoon, earlier in Earth’s history, 36–38
flooding of, Cretaceous, 87, 88 148b–149b, 149–153, 150 chemical reservoirs and, 37, 37–38
ice sheet cooling of North Atlantic radiative, 335, 336b–337b one-way transfer models, 36–37, 37
Ocean and, 192–193, 193 summer insolation, ice sheet lag reservoir-exchange, 38
ice sheets of, 1 behind, 160, 160–161, 161b, 162 geochemical tracers, 36
linked to England and Scotland, 239 time constants of ice response and, geochemists, 7
during Little Ice Age, 290, 290 200b geological-geochemical proxies, 27, 29,
melting of Greenland ice sheet and, time scale of, 12, 12–14, 13 29–31, 30
354 forests geologists, 7
millennial oscillations and, 259 boreal, boundary between tundra geophysicists, 7
100,000-year climatic oscillations and, 246, 247 Gibraltar, North Atlantic Oscillation
and, 196, 198 conifer, development of, 99 and, 322, 324
plateau formed in, 78 rain, South American, during last Gilgamesh, 282b
see also Eastern Europe; specific glacial maximum, 223–224 ginkgo tree, 68, 69
countries see also deforestation; reforestation; GISP, 253
eustatic sea level, 87, 87 tree(s) glacial ice
evaporation, future warming and, 350 fossil(s) as climate archive, 20, 21, 22
evaporite deposits, in Pangaea, 69, 70 as climate proxies, 20–27, 27–29 cooling during last 50 Myr and, 98,
evaporite rocks, 30 cooling over last 50 Myr and, 98–99, 99
evolution, 8 98, 99 uplift weathering hypothesis and,
of humans. See human evolution as evidence of warmth 100 Myr ago, 77
extinctions 82, 83 see also ice sheet(s); specific ice sheets
asteroid impacts and, 92 large, 28 glacial maximum, last, 209–227
megafaunal, 284, 284–285, 285 walking upright and, 275 boundary conditions for, 210, 210
fossil fuels CLIMAP reconstruction of, 210,
F carbon dioxide emissions from 211, 212–214, 212t, 224, 225, 226
faculae, 304, 304 burning of, 15, 344 climate changes far from northern
Fahrenheit, Gabriel, 5 as carbon source, 328, 329 ice sheets and, 223–224, 224
Fahrenheit temperature scale, 5 4 X CO world, 352–353, 354 climate changes near northern ice
2
faint young Sun paradox, 45, 45–46 fractionation, 100 sheets and, 220, 220–224
Fairbanks, Richard, 231 frequency, of cycle, 122b COHMAP data-model comparisons
farming. See agriculture future climate change, 343–357 and, 216, 216–219
feedback(s) caused by increased carbon dioxide, data-model comparisons of model
climate forcing, 79–80 348, 348–356 simulations and, 219–224
in climate system, 15, 15–16, 16b conservation efforts and, 356, Earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse
water vapor, 53, 53 356–357 gases and, 338–339
see also negative feedbacks; positive greenhouse climate’s relevance to, glacial dirt and winds and, 214–215,
feedbacks 85–86, 86 215
feedback factor, 16 human impacts on greenhouse gases insolation and, 210, 210
Fertile Crescent, 280–281 and, 344–348 model simulations of, 219, 219–220
filtering, in time series analysis, 134 millennial oscillations and, 268 pollen as indicator of climate and,
fire, control of, 280 orbital-scale, 246, 248, 248 216, 217f, 218, 218–219
fish, El Niño and, 300b tectonic processes and, 111–114, size of ice sheets during, 213–214,
floods 113, 114 214