Page 404 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

380 INDEX

I natural instabilities in, 265, 265–266 Indian Ocean
ice net growth at 41,000-year intervals, cooling of, human evolution and,
as climate system component, 8, 9, 205 277–278
10 new, predicting growth of, 248 heat transport and, 267
climate warming and, 355 northern, climate changes near, 220, sediments in, 110, 110, 111, 214–215
glacial. See glacial entries; glaciers; 220–224 temperature of, 299, 299
mountain glaciers 100,000-year oscillations and, inorganic carbon, 178, 179
reflection of solar radiation by, 337 196–205, 197–199, 200b insolation, 129–132
sea. See sea ice past, continental positions and, 40 caloric seasons and, 131–132, 132
sediment erosion and transport by, rapid early melting of, 234, 234–235 41,000-year ice sheet variation and,
19 response time of, 11–12, 11t 194, 194–196, 195
sedimentary rocks deposited by, 45 sea level and, 90, 90 monthly and seasonal changes in,
ice caps, 246, 247, 292, 294, 294 sediments deposited by, 19 129–131, 130–132
during Little Ice Age, 290, 291, 292 slipping of, 164–165, 202, 202–203 δ O changes related to, 165
18
mountain glacier merger into, 212 snowball Earth hypothesis and, 57, 100,000-year oscillations in ice sheets
ice cores, 176–179 57–58 and, 205
annual layering in, 26, 253 sunlight reflection by, 192 orbital tuning and, 148b–149b
drilling and dating, 176, 176–177, thickness of, 213–214, 214 summer, at high northern latitudes,
177 threshold temperature for formation 169
drilling from mountain glaciers, 292, of, 169 summer, ice interactions with
293 timing of melting of, 230, 231 greenhouse gases and, 204
geochemical proxies in, 31 variability selection hypothesis and, summer, positive feedbacks to
methane concentrations in, 187, 278 deglacial melting and, 237–238
187–188 volume of, 212, 212t threshold level of, 141
from mountain glaciers, as climate volume of, coral reefs and sea level insolation control of ice sheets,
proxies, 292, 293–295, 294 and, 160–161, 161b 155–173
orbital-scale carbon transfers and, volume of, in recent decades, 319, deglaciation and, 239, 241–246,
178–179, 179 319–320 242–244
verifying measurements of ancient air volume of, insolation and, 160–161, delayed bedrock response beneath ice
in, 177–178, 178 161b sheets and, 161–163, 162, 163
ice flow model, 177, 177 see also glaciations; ice cores; specific full cycle of ice growth and decay
ice mass balance, 156, 159 ice sheets and, 163–164, 164
ice rafting, 253–254, 260, 261–262 ice sheet models, 35–36 ice sheet lag behind summer
sea level changes and, 266 icebergs insolation forcing and, 160,
ice sheet(s), 1 calving of, 156, 164, 220, 220 160–161, 161b, 162
ablation of, 156–157, 156–158 deglaciation and, 234–235 ice sheet size and, 158–160, 159, 160
annual layering in, 24, 25 millennial oscillations and, 259, 260 ice slipping and calving and, 164–165
bedrock rebound after melting of, in North Atlantic Ocean, 237 large glaciation phase and, 171, 172,
213–214, 238 ice-driven responses, 192, 192–193, 173, 173
as climate archives, 20 193 Milankovitch theory of, 157, 157,
climatic responses driven by, 192, icehouse eras, 43 168–173, 169
192–193, 193 continent-sized ice sheets during, 65 modeling ice sheet behavior and,
in Cretaceous simulation, 83–84 icehouse intervals, 59, 60 157–165, 158
delayed bedrock response beneath, Iceland, ice-rafted volcanic glass from, northern hemisphere ice sheet
161–163, 162, 163 254 history and, 165–168
erosion by, 202, 202 ice-rafted debris, 29, 29, 253–254, 255 preglaciation phase and, 169–170,
fluctuation of margins of, 349 igneous rocks, dating, 22–23 172
forcing of, time constants of ice Imbrie, John, 160, 165, 210 small glaciation phase and, 170–171,
response and, 200b Inca Empire, 302 172, 173
formation of, 156–157, 156–158 India insolation control of monsoons,
41,000-year variations in, 194–196 collision with Asia, 78, 90 137–153
height of, 192 deforestation in, 286 joint, with tectonic control, 152,
iceberg calving by, 164 lakes in, during deglaciation, 243, 152–153
insolation control of. See insolation 244 monsoon circulations and, 138–140,
control of ice sheets movement into tropical latitudes, 138–141
interaction with bedrock, 201–203, 102, 102 monsoon forcing earlier in Earth’s
202 rice irrigation in, methane generation history and, 140, 148b–149b,
interactions with local environment, associated with, 287 149–153
203 vegetation in, in 2 X CO world, 350 orbital monsoon hypothesis and, 146,
2
margins of, melting and, 203 weakening of monsoon in, 334 146–149