Page 409 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 385

reforestation San Andreas fault, 62 sea salt
carbon dioxide levels and, 307, Santa Barbara Basin in Greenland ice sheet, 263
307–308 evidence of millennial oscillations in, millennial oscillations and, 259–260,
return of carbon from atmosphere 257, 258 260
and, 329 millennial oscillations and, 267–268 seafloor spreading, 64, 105, 105–106
regressions, marine, 86 sapropels, 143 BLAG seafloor spreading hypothesis
reservoir(s) satellite observations, 317–320 and, 71–72, 72–74, 74–75, 105,
carbon exchanges between, 46, 46–50 circum-Arctic warming and, 318, 105–106
chemical, 37–38 318–319, 319 seasons
reservoir-exchange models, 38, 38 of ice sheets, 319, 319–320 caloric, insolation changes by,
residence time, 38 savanna hypothesis, 276–278, 277 131–132, 132
resolution, defined, 6 scablands, channeled, 240b–241b high-latitude summer warming and,
resonant response, 201–202 Scandinavia 245, 245, 246
resource depletion, early civilizations viscous response in, 162 ice sheet lag behind summer
and, 282–283 see also Norway; Norwegian Sea insolation forcing and, 160,
response rates, multiple, 14, 14–15 Scandinavian ice sheet, 164 160–161, 161b, 162
response time, 8, 10, 10–12, 11t millennial oscillations and, 259 ice sheet size and, 156–157, 157
time scale of, 12, 12–14, 13 timing of melting of, 230 insolational changes by, 129–131,
rice irrigation, methane generation volume of, 212, 212t 130–132
associated with, 287, 287 Younger Dryas event and, 236 monsoons and, 148–149, 281
rivers Scotland, linked to Europe, 239 orbital-scale changes in North
in North Africa, 242 sea birds, El Niño and, 300b African summer monsoons and,
remnants of, in Sudan and Sahara sea ice 141, 141–146
Desert, 144 in Arctic Ocean, since 1800s, 318, summer cooling since deglaciation
sediments carried to oceans by, 318 and, 246, 247
109–111, 110, 111 debris transported by, 260 summer insolation and, 169, 204,
see also specific rivers extent of, during last glacial 237–238
rock(s) maximum, 213 summer retreat of sea ice and, 220
carbonate, 30 in 4 X CO world, 352–353, 354 temperature changes and, 13
2
evaporite, 30 high-latitude summer warming and, seawater
exposure of, chemical weathering 246 anoxic, in Mediterranean Sea, 143
and, 75–77, 76 during last glacial maximum, 212, carbon dioxide solubility in, 182
hydrolysis and, 30 223 sediment(s)
igneous, dating, 22–23 during Little Ice Age, 290, 290 annual layers in, 24–25, 25
as natural compasses, 62–63 melting of ice sheets and, 203 as climate archives, 18, 18–20
rusting of iron in, 56 positive feedback from, 85–86 dating using orbital tuning,
sedimentary, dating, 22–23 response time of, 11, 11t 148b–149b
sedimentary, water-deposited, 45 summer retreat of, 220 deposited in oceans by rivers,
see also bedrock in 2 X CO world, 350, 351 109–111, 110, 111
2
rock salt, 30 sea level, 86–92, 87 eolian, 29
Rocky Mountains calculating changes in, 91 fluvial, 29
millennial oscillations and, 257 climate warming and, 355 glacial deposits of, 57, 57
uplift of, 106, 107, 108 coral reefs as dipsticks for measuring, ice erosion and transport of, 19
Roland, Sherwood, 332 230–232, 232, 233b in lakes. See lake sediments
Rossignol-Strick, Martine, 143 effect of changes on climate, 91–92 in oceans. See ocean sediments
Ruddiman, William, 196, 285 eustatic, 87, 87 wind erosion and transport of, 19, 19
Russia, circum-Arctic warming and, flood legends and, 282b–283b sediment drifts, 253
318 global circulation model for Pangaea sedimentary archives, resolution of,
Ryan, Bill, 282b–283b and, 68 25–26, 26
ice instability and, 265–266 sedimentary rocks
S ice volume changes and, 10b–171b, dating, 22–23
Sahara Desert 167–168, 167–169 water-deposited, 45
glaciation in, 65, 66 during last glacial maximum, 227 sensitivity tests, 33
precipitation in, 139 recent rise in, sources of, 320–321, of carbon dioxide effect on climate,
remnants of streams and rivers in, 320t, 321 85–86
144 reconstructing changes in, 310, of Cretaceous temperature, 84
salt, sea 310–314 of glaciation of Antarctica, 103
in Greenland ice sheet, 263 southern transfer of 100,000-year ice sheets and, 192
millennial oscillations and, 259–260, climatic oscillations by, 198–199 settlements. See cities; village
260 tectonic-scale changes in, 87–91, 88 settlements