Page 411 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 387

during last 50 Myr, 97–114 time series analysis, 133–134, 134 uranium decay series, dating of coral
plate tectonics and, 59–60, 60 tools, 275–276, 280, 285, 285 using, 24
temperature trade winds urban heat islands, 314
albedo and, 44 ENSO system and, 300b–301b
on Antarctic ice sheet, 176 North African monsoon and, V
blocking of sunlight causing, 93 145–146, 146 variability selection hypothesis, 278
carbon dioxide dissolution in transform fault margins, 62 varves, 24–25, 25
seawater and, 182, 182–185, 183b, transgressions, marine, 86 Pangaean deposition of, 150–151
184 tree(s) vegetation
chemical weathering and, 50, 50 as climate archives, 20–21, 22 on Antarctica, 98
cooling during last 50 Myr and, 98, deforestation and. See defor- around Arctic Ocean, 10 Myr ago,
98–102 estation 349, 350
on Greenland, 176 deglaciation and, 243, 244, 245, in Canadian Arctic, 98, 99
ground, since 1800s, 316–317, 317 245–246 carbon dioxide fertilization and,
hemispheric trends in, depletion by early civilizations, 329–330
reconstructing, 302–303, 303 283 chemical weathering and, 50, 51, 55,
ice accumulation and ablation and, fossil remains of, climate 56
156–157, 156–158 reconstruction and, 27, 27 as climate system component, 8, 9,
of oceans, corals as proxy for, 298, Pangaean, 68, 69 10
298–299, 299, 300b–301b reforestation and, 307, 307–308 cooling during last 50 Myr and, 99,
100 Myr ago, 82, 82–86, 83 in 2 X CO world, 350 99–100, 100
2
of Pangaea, 68–70, 69–71 tree leaves, shape of, climate extinctions of, asteroid impacts and,
seasonal and daily changes in, 13 reconstruction using, 99, 99–100, 92
summer cooling since deglaciation 100 first, evolution of, 55, 56
and, 246, 247 tree rings, 24, 25 fossil remains of, as climate proxies,
threshold, for ice sheet formation, 169 cellulose deposition and, 31 82, 83
of Venus versus Earth, 44, 44–45, 46 reconstruction of climate change fossil remains of, cooling over last 50
see also climate cooling; climate using, 295, 295–298, 296b–297b, Myr and, 98, 99
warming 298 fossil remains of, on Pangaea,
terminations, 166 as solar proxy, 263 68, 69
Tethys, 75 tropic(s), temperature of, during fossil remains of, warmth of 100
theories, 8 last glacial maximum, 224–227, 225, Myr ago and, 82, 83
thermocline, 145 226 future climate warming and, 351
thermostat, for Earth Tropic of Cancer, 120 global circulation model for Pangaea
chemical weathering as, 51, 51–53, Tropic of Capricorn, 120 and, 68, 69
52 tundra monsoons and, in North Africa, 139,
greenhouse gases as, 46 boundary between boreal forest and, 140
life as, 53, 54b, 55–57 246, 247 no-analog, 243–245
snowball Earth hypothesis and, 57, cooling of last 50 Myr and, 99, 99 northward shifts in, deglaciation and,
57–58 in Europe, during last glacial 243–245, 244
Thompson, Lonnie, 292, 294 maximum, 222, 222, 223 photosynthesis and. See
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 5 loss of, 356 photosynthesis
thorium/uranium dating, 232, 233b 2 X CO sensitivity, 336, 336–338, plankton and. See phytoplankton
2
threshold level, of insolation, 141 338 recycling of water vapor by,
Tibet 2 X CO world, 349–352, 350–353 242, 243
2
Dunde ice cap of, 294, 294 response time of, 11t, 12
monsoons in, 138 U savanna hypothesis of human
sediments carried from, 109, 110, uniformitarianism, 240b evolution and, 277, 277
111 unifying theories, 8 in 2 X CO world, 350, 351
2
uplift of, 106, 107 uplift weathering hypothesis, 75–80, variability selection hypothesis and,
Tibetan Plateau, 77, 78 76–79, 78t, 106–111 278
formation of, 62 climate forcing and, 79–80 see also forests; tree(s)
sediment carried from, 110, 111 high terrain and, 106, 107, 107–109, vegetation models, 36
uplift of, 107, 107, 108, 278 108b–109b Venus, comparison with Earth, 44,
tidal cycles, Earth’s orbital changes and, timing of uplift in North America 44–45, 46
135, 135 and, 108b–109b village settlements
tide gauges, 310, 310–314 unusual chemical weathering and, development of, 280–281
till, 165 111, 112b in Greenland, abandonment of,
tilt, axial, of Earth, 120, 121, 121–123, unusual physical weathering and, 290
123, 129, 135, 135, 246, 248 109–111, 110, 111 Vincent, Edith, 112b