Page 408 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

384 INDEX

Pacific ridge, elevation of, 89 See also phytoplankton; plankton precession of the ellipse, 124, 124, 125
Pakistan, vegetation in, in 2 X CO plankton precessional index, 128, 128
2
world, 350 climate reconstruction and, 28, precipitation
paleoecologists, 7 28–29, 29 chemical weathering and, 50, 50–51
paleomagnetism, 62–63 cooling of tropics during last future warming and, 350
dating of ocean crust using, 63–64, glacial maximum and, 225, methane concentrations in ice cores
64 225–226, 226 and, 188
determination of past locations of El Niño and, 300b monsoons and. See insolation control
continents using, 62–63 extinctions of, asteroid impacts and, of monsoons; monsoon(s)
spreading of ocean ridges and, 89 92 on Pangaea, 69, 69, 70
Panama, Isthmus of, 103, 104 plant. See phytoplankton uplift weathering hypothesis and, 77
pandemics, falling carbon dioxide reconstruction of Cretaceous see also monsoon(s); rain; snow
values and, 307, 307 temperatures using, 85 productivity (rates of photosynthesis by
Pangaea, 65, 65, 66, 78 shift toward more negative carbon phytoplankton), 183, 184, 184
breakup of, 82 isotopic values in, 94 proglacial lakes, 238, 238–239,
modeling climate on, 67–71, 68–71 plants. See vegetation 240b–242b, 241b
monsoons on, 150, 150–152, 151 plate tectonics, 8, 59–80, 60
Paranthropus, 276 BLAG spreading rate hypothesis and, Q
parent isotopes, 21–22, 23, 23b 71–75 Quelccaya ice cap, 292, 294, 294
Patagonia Pangaea and. See Pangaea
dust at, 215 polar position hypothesis and, 64–67 R
mountain glaciers in, 212 uplift weathering hypothesis and, radiation, 10
perihelion, 120–121 75–80, 76–79, 78t longwave, 44
period, of cycle, 122b see also tectonic plates solar. See solar radiation
peripheral forebulge, 311, 312 plateaus, volcanic, human evolution radiative forcing. See solar forcing
permafrost, 99, 99, 223, 223 and, 277, 277 radiocarbon dating, 23–24, 256
melting of, 356 polar alkalinity hypothesis, 187 radiolaria, 28, 28
Peru, ENSO system and, 300b, 302 polar front, 236 radiometric dating, 21–23, 23, 23t, 25
phase lag, 161 polar position hypothesis, 64–67, 65, of coral reefs, 167
photosynthesis 66, 67b correlation and, 21–23
carbon isotopes and, 178 polar regions, axial tilt of Earth and, radiosondes, 320
by phytoplankton, rates of, 183, 184, 122 rain
184 Polaris, 124 carbonic acid formation and, 30
in surface waters, 182, 182–183, 183b pollen see also monsoon(s); precipitation
physical climate models, 31–36, 32 carbon reduction and, 180 rain forests, South American, during
atmospheric, 32–34, 33–35 climate reconstruction and, 27–28, last glacial maximum, 223–224
ice sheet, 35–36 28 Raymo, Maureen, 75, 194, 195
mismatch between geologic data and data-model comparisons using, 218, recent climate warming, 325–341
climate data output and, 31–32 218–219 annual-scale forcing and, 327, 328
ocean, 34–35, 36 as indicator of climate during last anthropogenic causes of, 327–335
vegetation, 36 glacial maximum, 216, 217, 218, brown clouds and, 334, 334–335
physical weathering, 29, 29–30 218 carbon dioxide and, 328–330, 329,
uplift weathering hypothesis and, 100,000-year climatic oscillations 330
109–111, 110, 111 and, 196, 198, 198 chlorofluorocarbons and, 331,
phytoplankton, 178 positive feedbacks, 15, 16 331–332
annual productivity by, 183, 184, 184 to deglacial melting, 237–238 Earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse
Pinatubo, Mount, eruption of, 13, 327, sensitivity to greenhouse gases in, gases and, 335–339
328 335, 337, 338 land clearance and, 335
pine trees, tree ring studies of, 295, from snow and sea ice, 85–86 methane and, 330–331, 331
295, 297, 298 tectonic-scale climate change and, millennial-scale oscillations and, 326
Pitman, Walter, 282b–283b 113–114, 114 natural causes of, 326, 326–327
plague, falling carbon dioxide values power spectra, 133–134, 134 orbital factors and, 326
and, 307, 307 precession small size of, 339–341
plane of the ecliptic, 120, 120 axial, 124–126, 124–126, 127b, 128, solar forcing and, 326–327, 327,
planktic foraminifera 128–129 336b–337b
in equatorial Atlantic sediments, 146 cycle of, 135, 135 sulfate aerosols and, 332–334, 333
extinctions of, asteroid impacts and, 41,000-year ice sheet variation and, tectonic factors and, 326
92 194 red beds, 71
Mg/Ca changes in shells of, 101–102, monsoons and, 246 red noise, 262
102 as sine wave, 127b reflection, of solar radiation, 337–338