Page 403 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

INDEX 379

temperature of tropics during, Little Ice Age in, 290 houses, of Stone Age, 280, 280
224–227, 225 during medieval warm period, 290 Hudson Bay
glacial outwash, 214 millennial oscillations and, 259, meltwater release into, 259
glaciations 267–268 sea level at, 310, 311, 312
carbonate chemistry of oceans and, temperatures on, 176 human(s)
186–187 Greenland ice sheet, 26, 166 agriculture and. See agriculture
gateway hypothesis of, 103–105 annual layers in, 176–177 alteration of climate by early farmers
intervals of, 65–66, 66, 67b dust in, 214–215 and, 285–288, 286–288
lack of, during 425 and 325 Myr ago, formation of, 169 in Americas, first, 285, 285
65 future of, 349, 349 early civilizations of, impacts of
millennial oscillations during, melting of, 320, 321, 321, 341, 352, climate on, 281, 281–283,
252–259 353, 353–354, 355, 356 282b–283b
ocean gateways and, 103–105 millennial oscillations recorded in early impacts on climate, 283–288
polar position hypothesis of, 64–67, cores from, 252, 252–253, 253t, effect on climate. See anthropogenic
65, 66, 67b 254 forcing
prevention of, by human activity, 288 δ O in cores from, 261, 262 greenhouse warming’s effect on,
18
see also deglacial climate change; ice 100,000-year climatic oscillations 354–356, 355
sheet(s) and, 197, 197 historical archives kept by, 21, 22
glaciers sea level and, 90 hunting by, megafaunal extinction
advance of, during Little Ice Age, sea salt signal in, 263 due to, 284–285
290 slow response to climate change, megafaunal extinctions and, 284,
Arctic, deglaciation and, 246, 247 351–352, 352 284–285, 285
mountain. See mountain glaciers sulfur dioxide in, 333, 333 methane generation by activities of,
global dimming, 335 volume of, 212, 212t, 319 287, 287
Gondwana, 65, 65–66, 66, 67, 78 Younger Dryas event and, 236, 236 population growth of, carbon dioxide
breakup of, 103 grid boxes, 32–33, 33, 34 emissions and, 344, 344
grains GRIP, 253 human activity
ice rafting of, 260 ground temperature, since 1800s, brown clouds and, 334, 334–335
types of, one-way mass transfer 316–317, 317 carbon added to atmosphere by, 95
models and, 37 Gulf of Mexico, 222 carbon sources created by, 328–329,
granites, 30 meltwater flow into, 234 329
Great Plains, 1 Gulf Stream, Isthmus of Panama and, chlorofluorocarbons and, 331,
greenhouse climate 103–104 331–332
asteroid impact and, 92, 92–94, 93 climate warming and, 341
large and abrupt greenhouse episode H deforestation and. See deforestation
near 50 Myr ago and, 94, 94–95 half-life methane and, 330–331, 331f
past, relevance to future, 85–86, 86, Hays, James, 165, 210 recent warming and, 327–335
87 Hays, Paul, 52 sulfate aerosols and, 332–334, 333
sea level changes and 86-92, 87 heat probes, 316 human evolution, 274, 274–280
greenhouse effect, enhanced, 337b Heinrich, Helmut, 253 brain size and, 276, 276t
greenhouse eras, 43 Heinrich events, 253, 266 climate change as driver of, 276–278,
greenhouse gases, 10, 15 High Plains (Colorado and Wyoming), 277
climate change during 1000-1850 uplift of, 108 evidence of, 274, 274–276
and, 306–308, 307 high terrain, uplift weathering fragmentary records of, 279,
early anthropogenic hypothesis and, hypothesis and, 106, 107, 107–109, 279–280
285–288, 286–288, 306–307 108b–109b human ancestors and, 274–275, 275
Earth’s sensitivity to, 335–339 Himalayas savanna hypothesis of, 276–278,
ice interactions with, 203–205, 204 monsoons in, 138 277
millennial oscillations and, 266 sediments carried from, 109, tools and, 275–276
southern transfer of 100,000-year 110–111 variability selection hypothesis of,
climatic oscillations by, 199, uplift of, 106, 107, 108 278
199–200 Hipparchus, 124 walking upright and, 275, 275
as thermostat, 46 historical archives, 21, 22 hunting-gathering-fishing life, 280
warming due to, effect on human life, hominins, 275, 275 hurricanes, 356
354–356, 355 fossil remains of, 279, 279 Huybers, Peter, 194
see also carbon dioxide (CO ); see also human entries hydrolysis, 30
2
methane (CH ); water vapor Homo erectus, 276 carbon dioxide removal from
4
Greenland, 68 Homo sapiens, 273, 276 atmosphere by, 40, 48–49
glacial ice development on, 98 see also human entries hypotheses, 8
icebergs from, 260 hot spots, 71, 72 hypsithermal interval, 245