Page 406 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

382 INDEX

millennial oscillations—cont’d response time of, 11, 11t during last glacial maximum,
in North Africa, 258 retreats of, 260, 262, 350–351 220–222, 221, 222
North American, 257–258, 258 since 1800s, 315–316, 316 megafaunal extinction in, 284, 284
during present interglaciation, in 2 X CO world, 350 mountain glaciers in, in 2 X CO
2 2
259–261, 260–262 mountain ranges world, 350
recent warming and, 326 convergent margins and, 61 mountain ranges in, 78
recorded in Greenland ice cores, 252, in North America, 78 Pacific Decadal Oscillation and, 321,
252–253, 253t, 254 see also specific ranges 323
recorded in North Atlantic muds savanna hypothesis of human
sediments, 253–255, 255 lake, dating of, 242 evolution and, 277, 277
search for, 255–256, 256 stinky, in Mediterranean Sea, 142, sulfate aerosols from, 333
Western European, 256–257, 257 142–144, 143 tide gauges in, 311
Missoula, Lake, 240b, 241b vegetation in, in 2 X CO world, 350
2
Mitchell, Murray, 340 N vegetation in, 10 Myr ago, 349, 350
modulation, 122b Native Americans, European diseases see also specific countries
moisture balances, climate warming among, 307, 307 North American ice sheet, 98–99, 164
and, 355 Natufians, 280 expansion of, 180
molecular biology, 275 negative feedbacks, 15, 16 melting of, 234
Molina, Mario, 332 from chemical weathering, 51, 51–52 sea level changes and, 266
Molnar, Peter, 108 sensitivity to greenhouse gases in, thickness of, 213–214, 214
Mongolia, tree rings in, 295, 296–297 337–338 timing of melting of, 230, 231
monsoon(s) tectonic-scale climate change and, volume of, 212
Asian, 110 111–113, 113 North Atlantic Ocean
circulation of, 138–140, 138–141 New Guinea cooling of, but North American ice
deglaciation and, 239, 241–243, coral reef of, 167–168, 169 sheet, 220, 220
242–244 El Niño and, 321, 322 deep-water circulation in, 185, 185,
insolation control of. See insolation joined to Australia, 239, 239 186
control of monsoons sea level changes and, 266 heat transport and, 267
joint tectonic and orbital control of, New Zealand ice rafting in, 261–262
152, 152–153 climate resolution and, 34 icebergs in, 234–235, 237
methane concentrations in ice cores 100,000-year climatic oscillations ice-driven responses in, 192,
and, 188 and, 198, 199 192–193, 193
orbital monsoon hypothesis of, 139, tree rings in, 297 during Little Ice Age, 290, 290
140, 141, 141–149, 146 Newark Basin (New Jersey), sediments meltwater and salinity of, 354–355
on Pangaea, 150, 150–152, 151 in, 150–151, 161 millennial oscillations and, 267–268
precession and, 246 Nile River, 281 millennial oscillations recorded in
summer, orbital-scale changes in stinky muds in Mediterranean Sea sediments from, 253–255, 255
North African summer monsoons and, 143, 143–144 100,000-year climatic oscillations
and, 141, 141–146 Noah, 282b and, 196, 197
summer, phasing of, 148–149 no-analog vegetation, 243–245 subsurface temperatures of, since
summer, weakening of, in North nonlinear response, 141 1800s, 315
Africa, 281 North Africa temperature during last glacial
variability selection hypothesis and, animals in, 242 maximum, 212
278 drought in, 281, 334 Younger Dryas event and, 235–237,
monsoon forcing, 148b–149b, 149–153, dust storms in, 214–215 235–237
150 glaciation of, 67 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 322,
Monterey hypothesis, 112b lake levels in, 260 324
Montreal treaty, 332 lake muds of, 242 North Pacific Ocean
moraines, 19 lakes in, during deglaciation, 243, during last glacial maximum, 223
mountain(s) 244 Pacific Decadal Oscillation and, 321,
European, during Little Ice Age, 290 millennial oscillations and, 258 323
uplift of, 106, 107 monsoons in, 138–139, 139–141, temperature during last glacial
mountain glaciers 141–146, 146 maximum, 212
advances of, 260, 262 savanna hypothesis of human North Pole
of Alaska, 98 evolution and, 276–278, 277 axial tilt of Earth and, 122
annual layering in, 24, 25 see also specific countries geographic, 62
drilling ice cores from, 292, 293 North America, 68 insolation at, 131, 131
ice cores from, as climate proxies, circum-Arctic warming and, 318 temperature 100 Myr ago, 83
292, 293–295, 294 flooding of, Cretaceous, 87 North Star, 124
merger into ice caps, 212 glaciation of, 103–104, 104 Norway, mountain glaciers in, 316