Page 410 - Earth's Climate Past and Future

386 INDEX

Shackleton, Nick, 165, 210 savanna hypothesis of human sulfate aerosols, 305–306, 306,
ships’ logs, as climate records, 302 evolution and, 277, 277 332–334, 333
shock lamellae, 92, 92 vegetation in, in 2 X CO world, 350 cooling from, 340–341, 341
2
Siberia see also Patagonia; specific countries future emissions of, 347–348
joined to Alaska, 239, 239 South American plate, 61 to offset carbon dioxide warming,
during last glacial maximum, 223, South Atlantic Ocean, heat transport 357
223 and, 267 recent warming and, 332–334, 333
trees in, deglaciation and, 245 South Pole sulfur dioxide (SO ), 332
2
Siberian High, 193 axial tilt of Earth and, 122 from volcanic eruptions, 305
Sierra Nevada dust at, 215 Sun
millennial oscillations and, 257 Gondwana’s movement across, blocking of light from, by debris
uplift of, 108 65–66, 66 from asteroid impacts, 93
silicates, 30 insolation at, 131, 131 changes in strength of, as climate
in continental crust, 48 land at, 65 forcing factor, 10
silicon shells, climate reconstruction temperature 100 Myr ago, 83 climate change during 1000-1850
and, 28 south pole, magnetic, changing position and, 303–305, 304
sine waves, 122b of, 65, 66 Earth’s distance from, 120–121, 121
Earth’s precession as, 127b Southeast Asia Earth’s orbit around. See Earth’s orbit
slipping, of ice sheets, 164–165, 202, joined to ocean islands, 239, 239 faint young Sun paradox and, 45,
202–203 monsoons in, 152–153 45–46
snow rice irrigation in, methane generation glaciation between 750 and 550 Myr
accumulation of, ice sheet formation associated with, 287 ago and, 57
by, 156–157, 156–158, 176–177 Southern Ocean global circulation model for Pangaea
climate warming and, 355 deep-water circulation in, 185, 186 and, 68
killing of lichen by, 290, 291, 292 productivity in, 183 insolation from. See insolation
melting of, in northern hemisphere temperature during last glacial rising and setting of, 120
in recent decades, 318, 318 maximum, 212 solar wind and, 305
positive feedback from, 85–86 Southern Oscillation, 300b–301b total eclipse of, response time versus
reflection of solar radiation by, 337 spears, 280, 285, 285 forcing and, 12–13
see also precipitation spectral analysis, 133–134, 134 see also insolation entries; solar entries
snowball Earth hypothesis, 57, 57–58 Spitaler, Rudolf, 139, 157 sunspot cycle, 304, 304–305
SOFAR (SOund Fixing And Ranging) Sporer sunspot minimum, 304–305
channel, 321 spreading rate hypothesis, 71–72, T
solar deflection, 263–264 72–74, 74–75, 105, 105–106 Tahiti, ENSO system and, 300b
solar eclipse, total, response time versus spruce trees Tanzania, Australopithecus fossils found
forcing and, 12–13 cooling of last 50 Myr and, 99 in, 275
solar forcing, 335, 336b–337b deglaciation and, 243, 244, 245 target signal, 84
recent climate warming and, during last glacial maximum, 216, Tasmania, tree rings of, 297, 298
326–327, 327 217, 218, 218, 219 tectonic plates
of recent warming, 336b–337b tree ring studies of, 295 margins of, 61, 61–62
solar radiation stadials, 253 past motions of, evidence of, 62–64,
absorption by brown clouds, 334 stalactites, 146 63
forcing and. See solar forcing stalagmites, 146 structure and composition of, 60–62,
recent warming and, 326–327, 327 steppes, in Europe, during last glacial 60–62
reflection of, 337–338 maximum, 222, 222, 223 tectonic processes
variability of, millennial oscillations stinky muds, in Mediterranean Sea, as climate forcing factor, 10
and, 263–265, 264 142, 142–144, 143 future climate changes and, 111–114,
volcanic explosions and, 305–306 stochastic resonance, 262–263, 263 113, 114
see also insolation entries Stocker, Tom, 267 human evolution and, 278
solar variability, climate change during Stone Age, 280 orbital control of monsoons and,
1000-1850 and, 303–305, 304 deforestation during, 285–286 152, 152–153
solar wind, 263, 264, 305 stone tools, 275–276, 280, 285, 285 uplift weathering hypothesis and,
solstices, 120 streams 77–78
South America remnants of, in Sudan and Sahara tectonic-scale changes
during last glacial maximum, Desert, 144 in Earth’s orbit, 135, 135
223–224 see also rivers; specific rivers recent warming and, 326
megafaunal extinction in, 284 Street-Perrott, Alayne, 216 in sea level, 87–91, 88
mountain glaciers in, in 2 X CO subduction, 61, 106 tectonic-scale climate change, 40–115
2
world, 350 Sudan, remnants of streams and rivers carbon dioxide and, 43–58
opening between Antarctica and, 103 in, 144 greenhouse climate and, 81–95